Inequalities for D− Synchronous Functions and Related Functionals

Silvestru Sever Dragomir

Inequalities for D− Synchronous Functions and Related Functionals

Revista Integración, vol. 38, no. 2, 2020

Universidad Industrial de Santander

Silvestru Sever Dragomir

Victoria University, Australia


Received: 23 April 2020

Accepted: 23 June 2020

Abstract: We introduce in this paper the concept of quadruple D−synchronous functions which generalizes the concept of a pair of synchronous functions, we establish an inequality similar to Chebyshev inequality and we also provide some Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz type inequalities for a functional associated with this quadruple. Some applications for univariate functions of real variable are given. Discrete inequalities are also stated.

Keywords: Synchronous Functions, Lipschitzian functions, Chebyshev inequality, Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz inequality.

Resumen: Introducimos en este artículo el concepto de funciones D−sincrónicas cuádruples, que generaliza el concepto de un par de funciones sincrónicas; estableceremos una desigualdad similar a la desigualdad de Chebyshev y también presentamos algunas desigualdades de tipo Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz para un funcional asociado con este cuádruple. Se dan algunas aplicaciones para funciones univariadas de la variable real. También se indican desigualdades discretas.

Palabras clave: Funciones D−sincrónicas, funciones Lipschitzianas, desigualdad de Chebyshev, desigualdad de Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz.

1. Introduction

Let (Ω, A, ν) be a measurable space consisting of a set Ω, a σ-algebra A of subsets of Ω and a countably additive and positive measure ν on A with values in [0, +∞] . For a ν-measurable function w : Ω → , with w (x) ≥ 0 for ν-a.e. (almost every) x ∈ Ω, consider the Lebesgue space

For simplicity of notation we write everywhere in the sequel wdν instead of w (x) (x). Assume also that wdν = 1.

We say that the pair of measurable functions (f, g) are synchronous on Ω if

(1)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω. If the inequality reverses in (1), the functions are called asynchronous on Ω.

If (f, g) are synchronous on Ω and f, g, fg Lw (Ω, ν), then the following inequality, that is known in the literature as Chebyshev’s Inequality, holds:

(2)

where w (x) ≥ 0 for ν-a.e. (almost every) x ∈ Ω and wdν = 1.

If f, g : Ω → are ν-measurable functions and f, g, fg Lw (Ω, ν), then we may consider the Chebyshev functional

The following result is known in the literature as the Grüss inequality:

(3)

provided

(4)

for ν-a.e. x ∈ Ω.

The constant is sharp in the sense that it cannot be replaced by a smaller quantity.

If f Lw (Ω, ν), then we may define

(5)

The following refinement of Grüss inequality in the general setting of measure spaces is due to Cerone & Dragomir [1]:

Theorem 1.1. Let w, f, g : Ω → be ν-measurable functions with w ≥ 0 ν-a.e. onand wdν = 1. If f, g, fgLw (Ω, ν) and there exist constants δ, ∆ such that

(6)

then we have the inequality

(7)

The constant is sharp in the sense that it cannot be replaced by a smaller quantity.

Motivated by the above results, we introduce in this paper the concept of quadruple D−synchronous functions that generalizes the concept of a pair of synchronous functions, we establish an inequality similar to Chebyshev inequality and also provide some CauchyBunyakovsky-Schwarz type inequalities for a functional associated with this quadruple. Some applications for univariate functions of real variable are given. Discrete inequalities are also stated.

2. D−Synchronous functions

Let (Ω, A, ν) be a measurable space and f, g, h, : Ω → be four ν-measurable functions on Ω.

Definition 2.1. The quadruple (f, g, h, ) is called D−Synchronous (D−Asynchronous) on Ω if

(8)

for ν-a.e. (almost every) x, y ∈ Ω.

This concept is a generalization of synchronous functions, since for g = 1, = 1 the quadruple (f, g, h, ) is D−Synchronous if, and only if, (f, h) is synchronous on Ω.

If g, 0 ν-a.e on Ω, then

(9)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω. So, if gℓ > 0 ν-a.e on Ω the quadruple (f, g, h, ) is D−Synchronous if, and only if, is synchronous on Ω.

Theorem 2.2. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onand such that the quadruple (f, g, h, ) is D-Synchronous (D−Asynchronous), w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1 and fh, gℓ, gh, f ℓLw (Ω, ν). Then,

(10)

Proof. Since the quadruple (f, g, h, ) is D−Synchronous, then

(11)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω.

This is equivalent to

(12)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω.

Multiply (12) by w (x) w (y) ≥ 0 to get

(13)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω.

If we integrate the inequality (13) over x ∈ Ω, then we get

(14)

for ν-a.e. y ∈ Ω.

Finally, if we integrate the inequality (14) over y ∈ Ω, then we get

which is equivalent to the desired result (10).

Corollary 2.3. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onand such that gℓ > 0 ν-a.e on Ω, is synchronous (asynchronous) on Ω, w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1 and fh, gℓ, gh, fℓLw (Ω, ν) ; then the inequality (10) is valid.

Let f, g, h, : Ω → be ν-measurable functions on Ω , w ≥ 0 a.e. on Ω with wdν = 1 and fh, gℓ, gh, fℓ Lw (Ω, ν) ; then we can consider the functionals

(15)

and, for (f, g) = (h, ),

(16)

provided f 2 , g 2Lw (Ω, ν).

We can improve the inequality (10) as follows:

Theorem 2.4. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onand such that the quadruple (f, g, h, ) is D−Synchronous, w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1 and fh, gℓ, gh, fℓLw (Ω, ν) ; then,

(17)

Proof. We use the continuity property of the modulus, namely

Since (f, g, h, ) is D−Synchronous, then

(18)

for ν-a.e. x, y ∈ Ω.

As in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we have the identity

(19)

By using the identity (19) and the first branch in (18) we have

which proves the first part of (17).

The second and third part of (17) can be proved in a similar way and details are omitted.

3. Further results for the functional D

We have the following Schwarz’s type inequality for the functional D:

Theorem 3.1. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions on Ω , w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1 and f 2 , g 2 , h 2 , 2Lw (Ω, ν). Then,

(20)

Proof. As in the proof of Theorem 2.4, we have the identities

and

By the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz double integral inequality we have

which produces the desired result (20).

Corollary 3.2. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onwith g 2 , 2Lw (Ω, ν), w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1, and a, A, b, B such that A > a, B > b,

(21)

ν-a.e. on Ω. Then,

(22)

Proof. In [2] (see also [4, p. 8]) we proved the following reverse of Cauchy-BunyakovskySchwarz integral inequality

provided that agf Ag ν-a.e. on Ω and g 2Lw (Ω, ν).

Since, we also have

provided that bℓh Bℓ ν-a.e. on Ω and 2Lw (Ω, ν). Then, by (20) we have

that is equivalent to the desired result (22).

For positive margins we also have:

Corollary 3.3. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be four ν-measurable functions onwith g 2 , 2Lw (Ω, ν), w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1, and a, A, b, B > 0 such that A > a, B > b,

(23)

ν-a.e. on Ω. Then we have

(24)

Proof. In [3] (see also [4, p. 16]) we proved the following reverse of Cauchy-BunyakovskySchwarz integral inequality:

whenever agfAg ν-a.e. on Ω.

Since

provided bℓ h Bℓ ν-a.e. on Ω, then by (20) we get the desired result (24).

If bounds for the sum and difference are available, then we have:

Corollary 3.4. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onwith g 2 , 2Lw (Ω, ν), w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1. Assume that there exists the constants P 1, Q 1, P 2, Q 2 such that

(25)

a.e. on Ω; then,

(26)

Proof. In the recent paper [5] we obtained amongst other the following reverse of CauchyBunyakovsky-Schwarz integral inequality:

provided |g f| ≤ P 1, |g + f| ≤ Q 1 a.e. on Ω.

Since

if |h | ≤ P 2, |h + | ≤ Q 2 a.e. on Ω, then by (20) we get the desired result (26).

If bounds for each function are available, then we have:

Corollary 3.5. Let f, g, h, ℓ : Ω → be ν-measurable functions onand w ≥ 0 a.e. onwith wdν = 1. Assume that there exists the constants ai, Ai , bi and Bi with i ∈ {1, 2} such that

(27)

and

(28)

a.e. on Ω; then,

(29)

Proof. We use the following Ozeki’s type inequality obtained in [6]:

provided 0 < a 1fA 1 < ∞, 0 < a 2gA 2 < ∞ a.e. on Ω.

Since

when 0 < b 1h B 1 < ∞, 0 < b 2B 2 < ∞ a.e. on Ω, then by (20) we get the desired result (29).

4. Results for univariate functions

Let Ω = [a, b] be an interval of real numbers, and assume that f, g, h, : [a, b] → are measurable D−Synchronous (D−Aynchronous), w ≥ 0 a.e. on [a, b] with w (t) dt = 1 and fh, gℓ, gh, fℓ Lw ([a, b]) ; then,

(30)

Now, assume that [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) and take f (t) = tp , g (t) = tq , h (t) = tr and (t) = ts with p, q, r, s . Then,

If (p q) (r s) > 0, then the functions have the same monotonicity on [a, b] while if (pq) (r s) < 0 then have opposite monotonicity on [a, b] . Therefore, by (30) we have for any nonnegative integrable function w with w (t) dt = 1 that

(31)

provided (p q) (r s) > (<) 0.

Assume that [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) and take f (t) = exp (αt), g (t) = exp (βt), h (t) = exp (γt) and (t) = exp (δt), with α, β, γ, δ . Then,

If (α β) (γ δ) > 0, then the functions have the same monotonicity on [a, b] , while if (α β) (γ δ) < 0 then have opposite monotonicity on [a, b] . Therefore, by (30) we have for any nonnegative integrable function w with w (t) dt = 1 that

(32)

provided (α β) (γ δ) > (<) 0.

Consider the functional

(33)

for any nonnegative integrable function w with w (t) dt = 1, and p, q, r, s .

We observe that for t ∈ [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) we have

(34)

and, similarly,

Using the inequality (22) we have

(35)

while from (24) we have

(36)

We also have for t ∈ [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞) that

and the corresponding bounds for g (t) = tq , h (t) = tr and (t) = ts , with p, q, r, s . Making use of the inequality (29) we get

(37)

Similar results may be stated for the functional

for any nonnegative integrable function w with w (t) dt = 1, for α, β, γ, δ and [a, b] ⊂ (0, ∞). Details are omitted.

We say that the function φ : [a, b] → is Lipschitzian with the constant L > 0 if

for any t, s ∈ [a, b] .

Define the functional

In the next result we provided two upper bounds in terms of Lipschitzian constants:

Theorem 4.1. Let f, g, h, ℓ : [a, b] → be measurable functions and w ≥ 0 a.e. on [a, b] with w (t) dt = 1.

(i) If g (t), (t) 0 for any t ∈ [a, b] , and is Lipschitzian with the constant L > 0, and is Lipschitzian with the constant K > 0, and gℓ, gℓe 2Lw ([a, b]) with e (t) = t, t ∈ [a, b] , then

(38)

(ii) If, in addition, we have wgℓL [a, b] and

then

(39)

Proof. We have

By taking modulus in this equality, we get

(40)

Now, observe that

(41)

On making use of (40) and (41) we get the desired result (38).

If wgℓL [a, b] , then

(42)

Therefore, by inequalities (40) and (42) we obtain the desired result (39).

5. Discrete inequalities

Consider the n-tuples of real numbers x = (x 1, ..., xn ), y = (y 1, ..., yn ), z = (z 1, ..., zn ) and u = (u 1, ..., un ). We say that the quadruple (x, y, z, u) is D−Synchronous if

(43)

for any i, j ∈ {1, ..., n} .

If p = (p 1, ..., pn ) is a probability distribution, namely, pi ≥ 0 for any i ∈ {1, ..., n} and =1 pi = 1, and the quadruple (x, y, z, u) is D−Synchronous, then by (10) we have:

(44)

For an n-tuples of real numbers x = (x 1, ..., xn ), we denote by |x| := (|x 1| , ..., |xn |). On making use of the inequality (17), then for any D−Synchronous quadruple (x, y, z, u) and for any probability distribution p = (p 1, ..., pn ) we have

(45)

Observe that if we consider

then by (20) we have

(46)

for any quadruple (x, y, z, u) and any probability distribution p = (p 1, ..., pn ).

If a, A, b, B and (x, y, z, u) are such that A > a, B > b,

(47)

for any i ∈ {1, ..., n} , then by (22) we have

(48)

If a, A, b, B > 0 and condition (47) is valid, then by (24) we have

(49)

Now, if we use the Klamkin-McLenaghan’s inequality

that holds for x, y satisfying the condition (47) with A, a > 0, then by (46) we get

(50)

provided (x, y, z, u) satisfy (47) with a, A, b, B > 0.

Now, assume that

(51)

and

(52)

for any i ∈ {1, ..., n} ; then by (29) we get

(53)

for any probability distribution p = (p 1, ..., pn ).

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the anonymous referees for valuable suggestions that have been implemented in the final version of the paper.

References

1 Cerone P. and Dragomir S.S., “A refinement of the Grüss inequality and applications”, TamkangJ. Math. 38 (2007), No. 1, 37-49. doi: 10.5556/j.tkjm.38.2007.92.

2 Dragomir S.S., “A counterpart of Schwarz’s inequality in inner product spaces”. arXiv: math/0305373.

3 Dragomir S.S., “A generalization of the Cassels and Greub-Reinboldt inequalities in inner product spaces”. arXiv: math/0306352.

4 Dragomir S.S., Advances in Inequalities of the Schwarz, Grüss and Bessel Type in Inner Product Spaces, Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, 2005.

5 Dragomir S.S., “Reverses of Schwarz inequality in inner product spaces with applications”, Math. Nachr. 288 (2015), No. 7, 730-742. doi: 10.1002/mana.201300100.

6 Izumino S., Mori H. and Seo Y., “On Ozeki’s inequality”, J. Inequal. Appl. 2 (1998), No. 3, 235-253. doi: 10.1155/S1025583498000149.

Author notes

sever.dragomir@vu.edu.au

Additional information

To cite this article: S. S. Dragomir, Inequalities for D−Synchronous Functions and Related Functionals, Rev. Integr. temas mat. 38 (2020), No. 2, 119-132. doi: 10.18273/revint.v38n2-2020005

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Revista Integración
ISSN: 0120-419X
Vol. 38
Num. 2
Año. 2020

Inequalities for D− Synchronous Functions and Related Functionals

Silvestru Sever Dragomir
Victoria University,Australia
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