Vol. 32 Núm. 1 (2019): Revista ION
Artículos

Una mirada al desarrollo de aditivos reductores de viscosidad y sus aplicaciones en el transporte de crudos pesados

Sergio Arturo Remolina Campos
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Seccional Bucaramanga
César Augusto Luna Cáceres
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Seccional Bucaramanga
Jaime Espitia Castellanos
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Seccional Bucaramanga
Édgar Javier Patiño Reyes
Instituto Colombiano del Petróleo (ICP Ecopetrol S. A.)

Publicado 2019-08-30

Palabras clave

  • aditivo,
  • asfaltenos,
  • interacciones,
  • nanoagregados,
  • viscosidad,
  • transporte de crudo.
  • ...Más
    Menos

Cómo citar

Remolina Campos, S. A., Luna Cáceres, C. A., Espitia Castellanos, J., & Patiño Reyes, Édgar J. (2019). Una mirada al desarrollo de aditivos reductores de viscosidad y sus aplicaciones en el transporte de crudos pesados. Revista ION, 32(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.18273/revion.v32n1-2019003

Resumen

La presente revisión aborda la problemática que presentan los crudos pesados debido a su alta viscosidad, lo cual dificulta su transporte por tubería y su directa relación con la fracción de asfaltenos, cuyo apilamiento genera cambios en la reología del crudo, altas caídas de presión y mayores requerimientos energéticos en el bombeo, e incluso taponamiento de tuberías. Las investigaciones reportadas se han enfocado en predecir y elucidar la composición estructural de los asfaltenos, de lo cual se resaltan modelos que describen a los asfaltenos como sistemas de anillos aromáticos policondensados, que pueden unirse por interacciones de Van der Waals formando agregados, o también como estructuras jerárquicas de sistemas de anillos de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH), que finalizan en la formación de racimos (clúster). También se resalta el modelo termodinámico coloidal, el cual predice moléculas de asfaltenos suspendidas en una fase líquida, estabilizada por resinas adsorbidas en su superficie.

Una alternativa para disminuir la viscosidad de los crudos es la inclusión de aditivos, los cuales mediante interacciones moleculares apropiadas, generan la dispersión de agregados asfalténicos, reflejándose en la disminución de la viscosidad. Por ello a la hora de diseñar aditivos reductores de viscosidad pare crudos, es importante diseñar estructuras moleculares con determinados grupos funcionales asociados a aminas, amidas, alcoholes, ácidos, entre otros, que favorezcan interacciones que generen la dispersión de asfaltenos. Por ellos y con el fin de brindar un panorama amplio de esta línea de investigación tan extensa, se finaliza este documento con una revisión de algunos aditivos reductores de viscosidad, implementados por diferentes investigadores.

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