Artículos
Publicado 2019-08-30
Palabras clave
- aditivo,
- asfaltenos,
- interacciones,
- nanoagregados,
- viscosidad
- transporte de crudo. ...Más
Cómo citar
Remolina Campos, S. A., Luna Cáceres, C. A., Espitia Castellanos, J., & Patiño Reyes, Édgar J. (2019). Una mirada al desarrollo de aditivos reductores de viscosidad y sus aplicaciones en el transporte de crudos pesados. Revista ION, 32(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.18273/revion.v32n1-2019003
Resumen
La presente revisión aborda la problemática que presentan los crudos pesados debido a su alta viscosidad, lo cual dificulta su transporte por tubería y su directa relación con la fracción de asfaltenos, cuyo apilamiento genera cambios en la reología del crudo, altas caídas de presión y mayores requerimientos energéticos en el bombeo, e incluso taponamiento de tuberías. Las investigaciones reportadas se han enfocado en predecir y elucidar la composición estructural de los asfaltenos, de lo cual se resaltan modelos que describen a los asfaltenos como sistemas de anillos aromáticos policondensados, que pueden unirse por interacciones de Van der Waals formando agregados, o también como estructuras jerárquicas de sistemas de anillos de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH), que finalizan en la formación de racimos (clúster). También se resalta el modelo termodinámico coloidal, el cual predice moléculas de asfaltenos suspendidas en una fase líquida, estabilizada por resinas adsorbidas en su superficie.
Una alternativa para disminuir la viscosidad de los crudos es la inclusión de aditivos, los cuales mediante interacciones moleculares apropiadas, generan la dispersión de agregados asfalténicos, reflejándose en la disminución de la viscosidad. Por ello a la hora de diseñar aditivos reductores de viscosidad pare crudos, es importante diseñar estructuras moleculares con determinados grupos funcionales asociados a aminas, amidas, alcoholes, ácidos, entre otros, que favorezcan interacciones que generen la dispersión de asfaltenos. Por ellos y con el fin de brindar un panorama amplio de esta línea de investigación tan extensa, se finaliza este documento con una revisión de algunos aditivos reductores de viscosidad, implementados por diferentes investigadores.
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Referencias
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[10] Hosseini SH, Hamed SG. A study on the future of unconventional oil development under different oil price scenarios: A system dynamics approach. Energy Policy. 2016;91:64-74.
[11] Alboudwarej H, Felix J (John), Taylor S, Badry R, Bremner C, Brough B, et al. Highlighting Heavy Oil. Oilfield Review. 2006;18(2):38-59.
[12] Oñate-Morales, José Anibal. Rodriguez-Navas RF. Evaluación de las alternativas de transporte de crudo pesado por tuberías: caso aplicado al campo rubiales (tesis pregrado). Bucaramanga, Colombia: Universidad Industrial de Santander; 2012.
[13] Kumar R, Banerjee S, Mandal A, Naiya TK. Flow improvement of heavy crude oil through pipelines using surfactant extracted from soapnuts. J Pet Sci Eng. 2017;152:353-60.
[14] Afra S, Nasr-El-Din HA, Socci D, Cui Z. Green phenolic amphiphile as a viscosity modifier and asphaltenes dispersant for heavy and extra-heavy oil. Fuel. 2018;220:481-9.
[15] Cavicchio CAM, Biazussi JL, de Castro MS, Bannwart AC, Rodriguez OMH, de Carvalho CHM. Experimental study of viscosity effects on heavy crude oil-water core-annular flow pattern. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2018; 92:270-85.
[16] Hein FJ. Geology of bitumen and heavy oil: An overview. J Pet Sci Eng. 2017;154:551-63.
[17] Patiño EJ, Martinez CA, Novoa LA, Barrero R. Colombian asphaltenes: The ionic superficial carácter and their interactions with ionic surfactants. En: Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2014. Rio de Janeiro: Copyright 2014, Brazilian Petroleum, Gas and Biofuels Institute - IBP; 2014.
[18] Afanasjeva N, Lizcano-valbuena WH, Aristizabal N, Mañozca I. Electrodeposición de vanadio y níquel de los asfaltenos de crudos pesados V and Ni electrochemical deposition from asphaltenes in heavy oils. Ing y Compet. 2015;17(2):9-17.
[19] Santos RG, Loh W, Bannwart AC, Trevisan OV. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods. Brazilian J Chem Eng. 2014;31(3):571-90.
[20] Husin H, Azizi A, Husna A. An overview of viscosity reducers in heavy crude oil production. En: ResearchGate, Conference: Chemeca; 2014 sep; At Perth, Australia. p. Paper No. 838.
[21] Djemiat DE, Safri A, Benmounah A, Safi B. Rheological behavior of an Algerian crude oil containing Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant: Flow test and study in dynamic mode. J Pet Sci Eng. 2015;133:184-91.
[22] Alvarez Díaz CJ, Martínez Rey R, Patiño Reyes EJ. Estudio experimental sobre la eficiencia de un tratamiento de ultrasonido en un sistema de flujo continuo para la reducción de viscosidad de crudo pesado. Rev ION. 2013;26(2):47-63.
[23] Subramanian D, Wu K, Firoozabadi A. Ionic liquids as viscosity modifiers for heavy and extra-heavy crude oils. Fuel. 2015;143(December):519-26.
[24] Herrera CD. Modelo de estabilidad de asfaltenos como herramienta para predecir el daño de formación en pozos productores de petróleo con alto contenido de CH4, CO2 o N2 (tesis maestría). Medellín, Colombia: Universidad Nacional De Colombia; 2015.
[25] Abarca Vinueza AG. Estudio del efecto de reductores de viscosidad en crudos pesados (tesis pregrado). Quito, Ecuador: Escuela Politécnica Nacional; 2016.
[26] Camacho Briones C, Cámara Mendoza JR. Evaluación de las tecnologías aplicadas al transporte de crudo pesado en tuberías (tesis pregrado). México D. F., México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México; 2014.
[27] Buenrostro-Gonzalez E, Groenzin H, Lira-Galeana C, Mullins OC. Asphaltenes. Energy & Fuels. 2001;15(13):972–8.
[28] Akbarzadeh K, Hammami A, Zhang D, Allenson S, Creek J, Kabir S, et al. Asphaltenes—problematic but rich in potential. Oilfield Review. 2007;22-43.
[29] Groenzin H, Mullins OC. Molecular size and structure of asphaltenes. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2001;19:219-30.
[30] Mullins OC. Review of the molecular struction and aggregation of asphaltenes and petroleomics. SPE J. 2008;13(1):48-57.
[31] Langevin D, Argillier JF. Interfacial behavior of asphaltenes. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;233:83-93.
[32] Mullins OC. The Asphaltenes. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2011;4(1):393-418.
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