Articles
Evaluation of sludge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as raw material for the extraction of lipids in the production of biodiesel
Published 2018-09-28
Keywords
- sludge from WWTP,
- extraction,
- free fatty acids,
- heavy metals,
- lipids
- biodiesel ...More
How to Cite
Mancipe Arias, L. M., & Triviño Restrepo, M. del P. (2018). Evaluation of sludge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as raw material for the extraction of lipids in the production of biodiesel. Revista ION, 31(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.18273/revion.v31n1-2018012
Abstract
This research we evaluated the potential for use of sewage sludge as a raw material in the production of biodiesel. Sludge coming from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) were selected from Sotaquirá (Boyacá, Colombia) and the total solid content was determined (TS), volatile solids (VS), heavy metals concentration, chemical composition, mmorphology and microstructure of the sludge. Extraction of lipids and fatty acids was carried out by the Soxhlet method according to Standard Methods 5520E with some modifications, using as solvents n-hexane and methanol, under two extraction times between 4 and 2.5 hours. Data obtained showed according to the sludge, that volatile solids are high, which confirms an important organic matter content. The yields on lipid extraction on dry basis with n-hexane and methanol were 33 and 28% at 4 hours, greater than at 2.5 hours at 19 and 17% respectively, indicating that time is a significant variable in the extraction percentage. The values presented by the acid indexes of the extracts were 215% and 208%, it means that the extracted fat contains a high amount of free fatty acids that will be transformed into biodiesel by means of esterification. With the obtained results, the sludge from domestic wastewater treatment plants represent alternative raw material for the extraction of lipids and free fatty acids in the production of biodiesel.
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References
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[25]Olkiewicz M, Plechkova N V., Fabregat A, Stüber F, Fortuny A, Font J, et al. Efficient extraction of lipids from primary sewage sludge using ionic liquids for biodiesel production. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015;153:118-25.
[26]Zhu F, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Preliminary study at lipids extraction technology from municipal sludge by organic solvent. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012;16:352-6.
[27]Melero JA, Sánchez-Vázquez R, Vasiliadou IA, Martínez Castillejo F, Bautista LF, Iglesias J, et al. Municipal sewage sludge to biodiesel by simultaneous extraction and conversion of lipids. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015;103:111-8.
[28]Bulla Pereira E, Guerrero Fajardo C. Diseño del proceso de producción del biodiesel a partir de aceites de fritura. Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2014.
[29]Murcia Ordoñez B, Chaves LC, RodríguezPérez W, Andredy Murcia M, Alvarado ER. Caracterización de biodiesel obtenido de aceite residual de cocina. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología. 2013;15(1):61-70.
[30]Tejada Benítez L, Henao Argumedo D, Alvear Alayón M, Castillo Sanldarriaga CR. Caracterización y perfil lipídico de aceites de microalgas. Facultad de Ingeniería. 2015;24(39):43-54.
[2] Tyagi VK, Lo SL. Sludge: a waste or renewable source for energy and resources recovery?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;25:708-28.
[3] Filipović J, Grčić I, Bermanec V, Kniewald G. Monitoring of total metal concentration in sludge samples: Case study for the mechanical–biological wastewater treatment plant in Velika Gorica, Croatia. Science of the total environment. 2013;447:17-24.
[4] Siddiquee MN, Rohani S. Experimental analysis of lipid extraction and biodiesel production from wastewater sludge. Fuel processing technology. 2011;92(12):2241-51.
[5] Olkiewicz M, Fortuny A, Stüber F, Fabregat A, Font J, Bengoa C. Evaluation of different sludges from WWTP as a potential source for biodiesel production. Procedia Engineering. 2012;42:634-43.
[6] Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2012;16(1):143- 69.
[7] Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN. The effects of catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry. 2013;19(1):14-26.
[8] Mier MAM, Vargas FES, Fajardo CAG. Producción y caracterización de biodiesel a partir de aceite de pollo. Informador Técnico. 2012;76:62.
[9] Lin L, Cunshan Z, Vittayapadung S, Xiangqian S, Mingdong D. Opportunities and challenges for biodiesel fuel. Applied energy. 2011;88(4):1020-31.
[10]Balat M. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel production–A review of current work. Energy conversion and management. 2011;52(2):1479-92.
[11] Dias JM, Santos E, Santo F, Carvalho F, AlvimFerraz MCM, Almeida MF. Study of an ethylic biodiesel integrated process: Raw-materials, reaction optimization and purification methods. Fuel Processing Technology. 2014;124:198-205.
[12]Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS. 2540 Solids. En: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2012. p. 55–61.
[13]Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS. 3111 Metals by flame atomic absorption spectometry. En: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2012. p. 10.
[14]Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS. 3114 Arsenic and selenium by hydride generation/ atomic absorption spectrometry. En: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2012. p. 6.
[15]Rice EW, Baird RB, Eaton AD, Clesceri LS. 5520 Oil and grease. En: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; 2012. p. 34–40.
[16]Montgomery DC. Diseño y Análisis de Experimentos. Segunda Ed. México: Limusa Wiley; 2004. 681 p.
[17]Vinasco JA. Implementación del análisis cuantitativo de indice de yodo para aceite de palma, aceite de pescado y sebo, en la compañía industrial de productos agropecuarios (CIPA SA) (tesis doctoral). Pereira, Colombia: Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira; 2013.
[18]Turovskiy IS, Mathai PK. Wastewater sludge processing. Canada: Wiley Interscience A John Wiley and Sons, INC.; 2006.
[19]Donado HR. Plan de gestión para lodos generados en las ptar-d de los municipios de Cumaral y San Martín de los llanos en el departamento del Meta (tesis de maestría) Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; 2013.
[20]Ministerio de vivienda, ciudad y territorio. Decreto número 1287 de 2014. Bogotá, Colombia; 2014.
[21]Llano BA, Cardona JF, Ocampo D, Ríos LA. Tratamiento fisicoquímico de las aguas residuales generadas en el proceso de beneficio de arcillas y alternativas de uso de los lodos generados en el proceso. Información tecnológica. 2014:25(3):73-82.
[22]Ling YP, Tham R-H, Lim S-M, Fahim M, Ooi C-H, Krishnan P, et al. Evaluation and reutilization of water sludge from fresh water processing plant as a green clay substituent. Applied Clay Science. 2017;143:300-6.
[23]Valles MG, Ali MH, Hafez HS, Carulla JMN, Torró L, Manent SM. Caracterización de los Lodos de la Depuradora de Sadat (Minufiya, Egipto) para la Obtención de un Material Vitrocerámico. Macla: revista de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía. 2010;(13):95-6.
[24]Olkiewicz M, Fortuny A, Stüber F, Fabregat A, Font J, Bengoa C. Effects of pre-treatments on the lipid extraction and biodiesel production from municipal WWTP sludge. Fuel. 2015;141:250-7.
[25]Olkiewicz M, Plechkova N V., Fabregat A, Stüber F, Fortuny A, Font J, et al. Efficient extraction of lipids from primary sewage sludge using ionic liquids for biodiesel production. Separation and Purification Technology. 2015;153:118-25.
[26]Zhu F, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Preliminary study at lipids extraction technology from municipal sludge by organic solvent. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 2012;16:352-6.
[27]Melero JA, Sánchez-Vázquez R, Vasiliadou IA, Martínez Castillejo F, Bautista LF, Iglesias J, et al. Municipal sewage sludge to biodiesel by simultaneous extraction and conversion of lipids. Energy Conversion and Management. 2015;103:111-8.
[28]Bulla Pereira E, Guerrero Fajardo C. Diseño del proceso de producción del biodiesel a partir de aceites de fritura. Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2014.
[29]Murcia Ordoñez B, Chaves LC, RodríguezPérez W, Andredy Murcia M, Alvarado ER. Caracterización de biodiesel obtenido de aceite residual de cocina. Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología. 2013;15(1):61-70.
[30]Tejada Benítez L, Henao Argumedo D, Alvear Alayón M, Castillo Sanldarriaga CR. Caracterización y perfil lipídico de aceites de microalgas. Facultad de Ingeniería. 2015;24(39):43-54.