Articles
Applications of fission-track thermochronology in Venezuela: Current status, perspectives and integrative approaches
Mauricio Alberto Bermúdez- Marlene Flores-Ferrín
Published 2019-09-30
Keywords
- Thermochronology,
- fission-track,
- applications in Venezuela,
- tectonics,
- climate
- exhumation ...More
How to Cite
Bermúdez, M. A., & Flores-Ferrín, M. (2019). Applications of fission-track thermochronology in Venezuela: Current status, perspectives and integrative approaches. Boletín De Geología, 41(3), 175–200. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v41n3-2019009
Altmetrics
Abstract
Fission-Track Thermochronology (FTT) is based on the radioactive decay by spontaneous nuclear fission of 238U atoms. These are present in accessory minerals such as apatite, zircon, and titatine contained in various types of rocks. The spontaneous fission produces damage, known as fission-track, to the crystalline structure of minerals. These tracks are short linear structures of ca. 14-18 µm and between 1-4 microns of diameter and become preserved when crossing certain isotherms (depending on the mineral species), but generally in ranges below 300°C. The range of applications of FTT is very wide and includes research in the field of: a) archaeology (dating of vessels, fossils, paleo-fire); b) tectonic-thermal evolution of geologically complex areas; c) climate, tectonics, and surface processes, and their interactions; and d) the thermal evolution of main oil basins. Since its foundation in 1995, the Laboratory of Thermochronology in the Central University of Venezuela (established by Petróleos de Venezuela SA – PDVSA) has supported much research throughout the country applying this technique and especially in the region of the Venezuelan Andes. In this paper, we present a review of research developed in Venezuela based on FTT, discussing fields of high potential for future applications, and challenging pending to solve.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Audemard, F.A., Machette, M.N., Cox, J.W., Dart, R.L., and Haller, K.M. (2000). Map and database of Quaternary faults in Venezuela and its offshore regions. U.S. Geological. Survey, Open-File Report 00-018.
Backé, G., Dhont, D., and Hervouët, Y. (2006). Spatial and temporal relationships between compression, strike-slip and extension in the Central Venezuelan Andes: Clues for Plio-Quaternary tectonic escape. Tectonophysics, 425(1-4), 25-53. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.06.005.
Bermúdez, M.A. (2015). Aplicaciones de la termocronología de baja temperatura, modelado termocinemático y geomorfología cuantitativa en el establecimiento de la evolución geodinámica de un sector del norte de Suramérica. Memoria Integrativa, 115 p. Trabajo de Ascenso a Profesor Titular, Escuela de Geología, Minas y Geofísica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Bermúdez, M., Alson, P., y Mora, J. (2004). Cálculo de incertidumbres en la edad proporcionada por el método de huellas de fisión y la equivalencia entre las distintas fórmulas. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería, 19(1), 119-123.
Bermúdez, M., Alson, P., y Mora, J. (2005). Ecuación fundamental de la edad para la datación de material rocoso y su adaptación a la ecuación práctica para el método de huellas de fisión. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería, 20(2), 95-103.
Bermúdez, M.A., Hoorn, C., Bernet, M., Carrillo, E., van der Beek, P.A., Garver, J.I., Mora, J.L., and Mehrkian, K. (2017). The detrital record of late-Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and Barinas foreland basins. Basin Research, 29(S1), 370-395. doi: 10.1111/bre.12154.
Bermúdez, M.A., Kohn, B.P, van der Beek, P.A., Bernet, M., O’Sullivan, P.B., and Shagam, R. (2010). Spatial and temporal patterns of exhumation across the Venezuelan Andes: Implications for Cenozoic Caribbean geodynamics. Tectonics, 29(5). doi: 10.1029/2009TC002635.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P., and Bernet, M. (2011). Asynchronous Miocene–Pliocene exhumation of the central Venezuelan Andes. Geology, 39(2), 139-142. doi: 10.1130/G31582.1.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P.A., and Bernet, M. (2013). Strong tectonic and weak climatic control on exhumation rates in the Venezuelan Andes. Lithosphere, 5(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1130/L212.1.
Bermúdez, M.A., Kohn, B., van der Beek, P., y Bernet, M. (2014a). Patrones de exhumación de los Andes venezolanos: Un aporte de la termocronología y de la modelación numérica termocinemática 3D. Acta Científica, 65(2),17-27.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P.A., Bernet, M., Kohn, B.P., Hoorn, C., y Carrillo, E. (2014b). Revisión de estudios termocronológicos por trazas de fisión en apatitos a lo largo de Los Andes de Venezuela y su relación con el contexto geodinámico Caribe. En: M. Schmitz, F. Audemard, F. Urbani (eds.). El límite noreste de la placa sudamericana estructuras litosféricas de la superficie al manto (pp. 305-231). Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Bermúdez-Cella, M.A. (2009). Cenozoic exhumation patterns across the Venezuelan Andes: insights from fission-track thermochronology. PhD. Thesis, Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France.
Bostick, N., Cashman, S., McCulloh, T., and Waddell, C. (1978). Gradients of vitrinite reflectance and present temperature in the Los Angeles and Ventura basins, California. Symposium in Geochemistry: Low Temperature Metamorphism of Kerogen and Clay Minerals, California, USA.
Braun, J. (2003). Pecube: a new finite-element code to solve the 3D heat transport equation including the effects of a time-varying, finite amplitude surface topography. Computers and Geosciences, 29(6), 787-794. doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00052-9.
Braun, J., van der Beek, P., and Batt, G. (2006). Quantitative thermochronology: Numerical methods for the interpretation of thermochronological data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511616433.
Braun, J., van der Beek, P., Valla, P., Robert, X., Herman, F., Glotzbach, C., Pedersen, V., Perry, C., Simon-Labric, T., and Prigent, C. (2012). Quantifying rates of landscape evolution and tectonic processes by thermochronology and numerical modeling of crustal heat transport using PECUBE. Tectonophysics, 524-525, 1-28. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.12.035.
Bustos, X., y Bermúdez, M. (2017). Determinación y comparación de índices de erosión teóricos en cuencas del flanco surandino venezolano, apoyado en sistemas de información geográfica y programación Python. Terra. Nueva Etapa, 33(53), 105-122.
Cediel, F., Shaw, R.P., and Cáceres, C. (2003). Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. In: C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffler, J.F. Blickwede (eds.). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics. (pp. 815-848). Vol. 79, AAPG Memoir.
Chew, D.M., and Spikings, R.A. (2015). Geochronology and thermochronology using apatite: time and temperature, lower crust to surface. Elements, 11(3), 189-194. doi: 10.2113/gselements.11.3.189.
Cruz, L., Fayon, A., Teyssier, C., and Weber, J. (2007). Exhumation and deformation processes in transpressional orogens: The Venezuelan Paria peninsula, SE Caribbean-South American plate boundary. In: S.M. Roeske, A.B. Till, D.A. Foster, J.C. Sample (eds.). Exhumation Associated with Continental Strike-Slip Fault Systems (pp. 149-165). vol. 434, Geological Society of America.
Daly, M.C., Hegarty, K.A., Duddy, I.R., and Green, P.F. (1995). Structural development and tectonic history of the Venezuelan Andean Ranges and Associated basins: A reconnaissance study using thermal history data. AAPG International Conference, Nice, France.
Dhont, D., Backé, G., and Hervouët, Y. (2005). Plio-Quaternary extension in the Venezuelan Andes: Mapping from SAR JERS imagery. Tectonophysics, 399(1-4), 293-312. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.027.
Dodson, M.H. (1973). Closure temperature in cooling geochronological and petrological systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 40(3), 259-274. doi: 10.1007/BF00373790
Dow, W.G. (1977). Kerogen studies and geological interpretations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 7, 79-99. doi: 10.1016/0375-6742(77)90078-4.
Dow, W.G. (1978). Petroleum source beds on continental slopes and rises. AAPG Bulletin, 62(9), 1584-1606.
Egbue, O., and Kellogg, J. (2010). Pleistocene to Present North Andean “escape”. Tectonophysics, 489(1-4), 248-257. doi: 10.1016/J.TECTO.2010.04.021.
Ehlers, T.A. (2005). Crustal thermal processes and the interpretation of thermochronometer data. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1), 315-350. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2005.58.12.
Erikson, J.P., Kelley, S.A., Osmolovsky, P., and Verosub, K.L. (2012). Linked basin sedimentation and orogenic uplift: The Neogene Barinas basin sediments derived from the Venezuelan Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 138-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.002.
Erlich, R.N., and Barrett, S.F. (1992). Petroleum geology of the Eastern Venezuelan Foreland Basin. In: R.W. Macqueen, D.A. Leckie (eds.). Foreland Basins and Fold Belts (pp. 341-362). AAPG Memoir 55.
Farley, K.A. (2002). (U-Th)/He dating: techniques, calibrations, and applications. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 47(1), 819-844. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2002.47.18.
Faure, G. (1986). Principles of isotope geology. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fleischer, R.L., Price, R.B., and Walker, R.M. (1969). Nuclear tracks in solids. Scientific American, 220(6), 30-39. doi: 10.1038/scientifiamerican0669-30.
Flores, M., Bermúdez, M.A., Bustos, X., Bernet, M., Viana, C., Arcia, S., y Schmitz, M. (2017). Análisis de los procesos controladores en la evolución topográfica de la subcuenca del río Guárico, Venezuela: mediante métodos multiherramientas. Terra. Nueva Etapa, 33(54), 71-106.
French, C.D., and Schenk, C.J. (2004). Faults of the Caribbean Region (fl6bg): Open-File Report OFR-97-470-K, U.S. Geological Survey, Central Energy Resources Team, Denver, Colorado. Consultado el 01 de octubre de 2018. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/faults-of-the-caribbeanregion-fl6bg.
Galbraith, R.F. (2005). Statistics for fission track analysis. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781420034929.
Gallagher, K., Brown, R., and Johnson, C. (1998). Fission-track analysis and its applications to geological problems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26(1), 519-572. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.519.
Gleadow, A., Duddy, I.R., Green, P. F., and Lovering, J. (1986). Confined fission track lengths in apatite: a diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(4), 405-415. doi: 10.1007/BF00376334.
Hood, A., Gutjahr, C.C., and Heacock, R.L. (1975). Organic metamorphism and the generation of petroleum. AAPG Bulletin, 59(6), 986-996. doi: 10.1306/83D91F06-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Hoorn, C., Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G.A., and Lorente, M.A. (1995). Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology, 23(3), 237-240. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0237:ATAACF>2.3.CO;2.
Hurford, A.J. (2019). An historical perspective on Fission-Track Thermochronology. In: M.G. Malusà, P.G. Fitzgerald (eds.). Fission-Track Thermochronology and its application to geology (pp. 3-23). Cham: Springer.
Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Gleadow, A.J., Tingate, P., and Laslett, G. (1986). Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite: 1. A qualitative description. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 59, 237-253. doi: 10.1016/0168-9622(86)90074-6.
Kohn, B.P, Shagam, R., and Subieta, T. (1984a). Results and preliminary implications of sixteen fission-track ages from rocks of the western Caribbean Mountains, Venezuela. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp. 415-421). Vol. 162. Geological Society of America.
Kohn, B.P, Shagam, R., Banks, P., and Burkley, L. (1984b). Mesozoic-Pleistocene fission-track ages on rocks of the Venezuelan Andes and their tectonic implications. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp. 365-384). Vol. 162. Geological Society of America.
Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos. (1970). Léxico Estratigráfico de Venezuela, Boletín de Geología, Publicaciones Especiales, 4, 464p.
Locke, B.D., and Garver, J.I. (2005). Thermal evolution of the eastern Serranía del Interior foreland fold and thrust belt, northeastern Venezuela, based on apatite fission-track analyses. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 315-328). Geological Society of America Special Papers, 394. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.315.
Malusà, M.G., and Fitzgerald, P.G. (2019). Fission-Track Thermochronology and its application to geology. Cham: Springer.
Marshak, S. (2015). EARTH Portrait of a Planet. Nueva York: 5th edition, W.W Norton & Company.
Moore, M.E., Gleadow, A.J.W., and Lovering, J.F. (1986). Thermal evolution of rifted continental margins: new evidence from fission tracks in basement apatites from southeastern Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 78(1-2), 255-270. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90066-X.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., Blanco, V., Garcia, D., and Stockli, D.F. (2010). Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission-track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 94(10), 1543-1580. doi: 10.1306/01051009111.
Mora, A., Blanco, V., Naranjo, J., Sanchez, N., Ketcham, R.A., Rubiano, J., Stockli, D., Quintero, I., Nemčok, M., Horton, B., and Dávila, H. (2013). On the lag time between internal strain and basement involved thrust induced exhumation: The case of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 52, 96-118. doi: 10.1016/J.JSG.2013.04.001.
Ollier, C., and Pain, C., (2000). The origin of mountains. London: ROUTLEDGE, Taylor and Francis Group.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Sobel, E.R., Strecker, M.R. and González, R. (2009). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constrains from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423.
Pérez de Armas, J. (2005). Tectonic and thermal history of the western Serranía del Interior foreland fold and thrust belt and Guárico Basin, north-central Venezuela: Implications of new apatite fission-track analysis and seismic interpretation. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 315-328). Geological Society of America Special Paper 394. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.271.
Ramírez-Arias, J.C., Mora, A., Rubiano, J., Duddy, I., Parra, M., Moreno, N., Stockli, D., and Casallas, W. (2012). The asymmetric evolution of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Tectonic inheritance or climatic forcing? New evidence from thermochronology and sedimentology. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 112-137. doi: 10.1016/J.JSAMES.2012.04.008.
Schubert, C. (1986). Terrazas aluviales en el Escudo de Guayana: Informe preliminar. Acta Científica Venezolana, 37, 226-228.
Shagam, R., Kohn, B., Banks, P., Dasch, L., Vargas, R., Rodríguez, G., and Pimentel, N. (1984). Tectonic implications of Cretaceous-Pliocene fission track ages from rocks of the circum-Maracaibo Basin region of western Venezuela and eastern Colombia. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds.). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp.385-412). v. 162, Geological Society of America, Memoir.
Sisson, V.B., Avé Lallemant, H.G., Ostos, M., Blythe, A.E., Snee, L.W., Copeland, P., Wright, J.E., Donelick, R.A., and Guth, L.R. (2005). Overview of radiometric ages in three allochthonous belts of northern Venezuela: Old zones, new ones and their impact on regional geology. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 91-117). Vol. 394, Geological Society of America Special Paper. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.91.
Teichmüller, M., and Teichmüller, R. (1979). Diagenesis of coal (coalification). In: G. Larsen, G. Chilingar (eds). Developments in Sedimentology (pp. 207-246). Vol. 25, part A, chapter 5. Elsevier Scientifi Publishing Company. doi: 10.1016/S0070-4571(08)71074-4.
Urbani, F. (2002). La sección geológica del río Miguelena, Camurí Grande, estado Vargas: Una ventana a la geología de la Cordillera de la Costa. Guía de excursión. No. 02-1. Caracas: Ediciones Sociedad Venezolana de Geólogos.
Wagner, G., and van den Haute, P. (1992). Fission track dating. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Yoris, F., and Ostos, M. (1997). Well Evaluation Conference. Caracas: Schlumberger Oilfield Services.
Backé, G., Dhont, D., and Hervouët, Y. (2006). Spatial and temporal relationships between compression, strike-slip and extension in the Central Venezuelan Andes: Clues for Plio-Quaternary tectonic escape. Tectonophysics, 425(1-4), 25-53. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.06.005.
Bermúdez, M.A. (2015). Aplicaciones de la termocronología de baja temperatura, modelado termocinemático y geomorfología cuantitativa en el establecimiento de la evolución geodinámica de un sector del norte de Suramérica. Memoria Integrativa, 115 p. Trabajo de Ascenso a Profesor Titular, Escuela de Geología, Minas y Geofísica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Bermúdez, M., Alson, P., y Mora, J. (2004). Cálculo de incertidumbres en la edad proporcionada por el método de huellas de fisión y la equivalencia entre las distintas fórmulas. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería, 19(1), 119-123.
Bermúdez, M., Alson, P., y Mora, J. (2005). Ecuación fundamental de la edad para la datación de material rocoso y su adaptación a la ecuación práctica para el método de huellas de fisión. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería, 20(2), 95-103.
Bermúdez, M.A., Hoorn, C., Bernet, M., Carrillo, E., van der Beek, P.A., Garver, J.I., Mora, J.L., and Mehrkian, K. (2017). The detrital record of late-Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and Barinas foreland basins. Basin Research, 29(S1), 370-395. doi: 10.1111/bre.12154.
Bermúdez, M.A., Kohn, B.P, van der Beek, P.A., Bernet, M., O’Sullivan, P.B., and Shagam, R. (2010). Spatial and temporal patterns of exhumation across the Venezuelan Andes: Implications for Cenozoic Caribbean geodynamics. Tectonics, 29(5). doi: 10.1029/2009TC002635.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P., and Bernet, M. (2011). Asynchronous Miocene–Pliocene exhumation of the central Venezuelan Andes. Geology, 39(2), 139-142. doi: 10.1130/G31582.1.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P.A., and Bernet, M. (2013). Strong tectonic and weak climatic control on exhumation rates in the Venezuelan Andes. Lithosphere, 5(1), 3-16. doi: 10.1130/L212.1.
Bermúdez, M.A., Kohn, B., van der Beek, P., y Bernet, M. (2014a). Patrones de exhumación de los Andes venezolanos: Un aporte de la termocronología y de la modelación numérica termocinemática 3D. Acta Científica, 65(2),17-27.
Bermúdez, M.A., van der Beek, P.A., Bernet, M., Kohn, B.P., Hoorn, C., y Carrillo, E. (2014b). Revisión de estudios termocronológicos por trazas de fisión en apatitos a lo largo de Los Andes de Venezuela y su relación con el contexto geodinámico Caribe. En: M. Schmitz, F. Audemard, F. Urbani (eds.). El límite noreste de la placa sudamericana estructuras litosféricas de la superficie al manto (pp. 305-231). Universidad Central de Venezuela.
Bermúdez-Cella, M.A. (2009). Cenozoic exhumation patterns across the Venezuelan Andes: insights from fission-track thermochronology. PhD. Thesis, Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble I, Grenoble, France.
Bostick, N., Cashman, S., McCulloh, T., and Waddell, C. (1978). Gradients of vitrinite reflectance and present temperature in the Los Angeles and Ventura basins, California. Symposium in Geochemistry: Low Temperature Metamorphism of Kerogen and Clay Minerals, California, USA.
Braun, J. (2003). Pecube: a new finite-element code to solve the 3D heat transport equation including the effects of a time-varying, finite amplitude surface topography. Computers and Geosciences, 29(6), 787-794. doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00052-9.
Braun, J., van der Beek, P., and Batt, G. (2006). Quantitative thermochronology: Numerical methods for the interpretation of thermochronological data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511616433.
Braun, J., van der Beek, P., Valla, P., Robert, X., Herman, F., Glotzbach, C., Pedersen, V., Perry, C., Simon-Labric, T., and Prigent, C. (2012). Quantifying rates of landscape evolution and tectonic processes by thermochronology and numerical modeling of crustal heat transport using PECUBE. Tectonophysics, 524-525, 1-28. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.12.035.
Bustos, X., y Bermúdez, M. (2017). Determinación y comparación de índices de erosión teóricos en cuencas del flanco surandino venezolano, apoyado en sistemas de información geográfica y programación Python. Terra. Nueva Etapa, 33(53), 105-122.
Cediel, F., Shaw, R.P., and Cáceres, C. (2003). Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. In: C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffler, J.F. Blickwede (eds.). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics. (pp. 815-848). Vol. 79, AAPG Memoir.
Chew, D.M., and Spikings, R.A. (2015). Geochronology and thermochronology using apatite: time and temperature, lower crust to surface. Elements, 11(3), 189-194. doi: 10.2113/gselements.11.3.189.
Cruz, L., Fayon, A., Teyssier, C., and Weber, J. (2007). Exhumation and deformation processes in transpressional orogens: The Venezuelan Paria peninsula, SE Caribbean-South American plate boundary. In: S.M. Roeske, A.B. Till, D.A. Foster, J.C. Sample (eds.). Exhumation Associated with Continental Strike-Slip Fault Systems (pp. 149-165). vol. 434, Geological Society of America.
Daly, M.C., Hegarty, K.A., Duddy, I.R., and Green, P.F. (1995). Structural development and tectonic history of the Venezuelan Andean Ranges and Associated basins: A reconnaissance study using thermal history data. AAPG International Conference, Nice, France.
Dhont, D., Backé, G., and Hervouët, Y. (2005). Plio-Quaternary extension in the Venezuelan Andes: Mapping from SAR JERS imagery. Tectonophysics, 399(1-4), 293-312. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.12.027.
Dodson, M.H. (1973). Closure temperature in cooling geochronological and petrological systems. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 40(3), 259-274. doi: 10.1007/BF00373790
Dow, W.G. (1977). Kerogen studies and geological interpretations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 7, 79-99. doi: 10.1016/0375-6742(77)90078-4.
Dow, W.G. (1978). Petroleum source beds on continental slopes and rises. AAPG Bulletin, 62(9), 1584-1606.
Egbue, O., and Kellogg, J. (2010). Pleistocene to Present North Andean “escape”. Tectonophysics, 489(1-4), 248-257. doi: 10.1016/J.TECTO.2010.04.021.
Ehlers, T.A. (2005). Crustal thermal processes and the interpretation of thermochronometer data. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 58(1), 315-350. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2005.58.12.
Erikson, J.P., Kelley, S.A., Osmolovsky, P., and Verosub, K.L. (2012). Linked basin sedimentation and orogenic uplift: The Neogene Barinas basin sediments derived from the Venezuelan Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 138-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.002.
Erlich, R.N., and Barrett, S.F. (1992). Petroleum geology of the Eastern Venezuelan Foreland Basin. In: R.W. Macqueen, D.A. Leckie (eds.). Foreland Basins and Fold Belts (pp. 341-362). AAPG Memoir 55.
Farley, K.A. (2002). (U-Th)/He dating: techniques, calibrations, and applications. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 47(1), 819-844. doi: 10.2138/rmg.2002.47.18.
Faure, G. (1986). Principles of isotope geology. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fleischer, R.L., Price, R.B., and Walker, R.M. (1969). Nuclear tracks in solids. Scientific American, 220(6), 30-39. doi: 10.1038/scientifiamerican0669-30.
Flores, M., Bermúdez, M.A., Bustos, X., Bernet, M., Viana, C., Arcia, S., y Schmitz, M. (2017). Análisis de los procesos controladores en la evolución topográfica de la subcuenca del río Guárico, Venezuela: mediante métodos multiherramientas. Terra. Nueva Etapa, 33(54), 71-106.
French, C.D., and Schenk, C.J. (2004). Faults of the Caribbean Region (fl6bg): Open-File Report OFR-97-470-K, U.S. Geological Survey, Central Energy Resources Team, Denver, Colorado. Consultado el 01 de octubre de 2018. https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/faults-of-the-caribbeanregion-fl6bg.
Galbraith, R.F. (2005). Statistics for fission track analysis. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9781420034929.
Gallagher, K., Brown, R., and Johnson, C. (1998). Fission-track analysis and its applications to geological problems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 26(1), 519-572. doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.519.
Gleadow, A., Duddy, I.R., Green, P. F., and Lovering, J. (1986). Confined fission track lengths in apatite: a diagnostic tool for thermal history analysis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(4), 405-415. doi: 10.1007/BF00376334.
Hood, A., Gutjahr, C.C., and Heacock, R.L. (1975). Organic metamorphism and the generation of petroleum. AAPG Bulletin, 59(6), 986-996. doi: 10.1306/83D91F06-16C7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Hoorn, C., Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G.A., and Lorente, M.A. (1995). Andean tectonics as a cause for changing drainage patterns in Miocene northern South America. Geology, 23(3), 237-240. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0237:ATAACF>2.3.CO;2.
Hurford, A.J. (2019). An historical perspective on Fission-Track Thermochronology. In: M.G. Malusà, P.G. Fitzgerald (eds.). Fission-Track Thermochronology and its application to geology (pp. 3-23). Cham: Springer.
Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Gleadow, A.J., Tingate, P., and Laslett, G. (1986). Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite: 1. A qualitative description. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 59, 237-253. doi: 10.1016/0168-9622(86)90074-6.
Kohn, B.P, Shagam, R., and Subieta, T. (1984a). Results and preliminary implications of sixteen fission-track ages from rocks of the western Caribbean Mountains, Venezuela. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp. 415-421). Vol. 162. Geological Society of America.
Kohn, B.P, Shagam, R., Banks, P., and Burkley, L. (1984b). Mesozoic-Pleistocene fission-track ages on rocks of the Venezuelan Andes and their tectonic implications. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp. 365-384). Vol. 162. Geological Society of America.
Ministerio de Minas e Hidrocarburos. (1970). Léxico Estratigráfico de Venezuela, Boletín de Geología, Publicaciones Especiales, 4, 464p.
Locke, B.D., and Garver, J.I. (2005). Thermal evolution of the eastern Serranía del Interior foreland fold and thrust belt, northeastern Venezuela, based on apatite fission-track analyses. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 315-328). Geological Society of America Special Papers, 394. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.315.
Malusà, M.G., and Fitzgerald, P.G. (2019). Fission-Track Thermochronology and its application to geology. Cham: Springer.
Marshak, S. (2015). EARTH Portrait of a Planet. Nueva York: 5th edition, W.W Norton & Company.
Moore, M.E., Gleadow, A.J.W., and Lovering, J.F. (1986). Thermal evolution of rifted continental margins: new evidence from fission tracks in basement apatites from southeastern Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 78(1-2), 255-270. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(86)90066-X.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., Blanco, V., Garcia, D., and Stockli, D.F. (2010). Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission-track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 94(10), 1543-1580. doi: 10.1306/01051009111.
Mora, A., Blanco, V., Naranjo, J., Sanchez, N., Ketcham, R.A., Rubiano, J., Stockli, D., Quintero, I., Nemčok, M., Horton, B., and Dávila, H. (2013). On the lag time between internal strain and basement involved thrust induced exhumation: The case of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 52, 96-118. doi: 10.1016/J.JSG.2013.04.001.
Ollier, C., and Pain, C., (2000). The origin of mountains. London: ROUTLEDGE, Taylor and Francis Group.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Sobel, E.R., Strecker, M.R. and González, R. (2009). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constrains from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423.
Pérez de Armas, J. (2005). Tectonic and thermal history of the western Serranía del Interior foreland fold and thrust belt and Guárico Basin, north-central Venezuela: Implications of new apatite fission-track analysis and seismic interpretation. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 315-328). Geological Society of America Special Paper 394. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.271.
Ramírez-Arias, J.C., Mora, A., Rubiano, J., Duddy, I., Parra, M., Moreno, N., Stockli, D., and Casallas, W. (2012). The asymmetric evolution of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Tectonic inheritance or climatic forcing? New evidence from thermochronology and sedimentology. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 112-137. doi: 10.1016/J.JSAMES.2012.04.008.
Schubert, C. (1986). Terrazas aluviales en el Escudo de Guayana: Informe preliminar. Acta Científica Venezolana, 37, 226-228.
Shagam, R., Kohn, B., Banks, P., Dasch, L., Vargas, R., Rodríguez, G., and Pimentel, N. (1984). Tectonic implications of Cretaceous-Pliocene fission track ages from rocks of the circum-Maracaibo Basin region of western Venezuela and eastern Colombia. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds.). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp.385-412). v. 162, Geological Society of America, Memoir.
Sisson, V.B., Avé Lallemant, H.G., Ostos, M., Blythe, A.E., Snee, L.W., Copeland, P., Wright, J.E., Donelick, R.A., and Guth, L.R. (2005). Overview of radiometric ages in three allochthonous belts of northern Venezuela: Old zones, new ones and their impact on regional geology. In: H.G. Avé Lallemant, V.B. Sisson (eds.). Caribbean-South American plate interactions, Venezuela (pp. 91-117). Vol. 394, Geological Society of America Special Paper. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.91.
Teichmüller, M., and Teichmüller, R. (1979). Diagenesis of coal (coalification). In: G. Larsen, G. Chilingar (eds). Developments in Sedimentology (pp. 207-246). Vol. 25, part A, chapter 5. Elsevier Scientifi Publishing Company. doi: 10.1016/S0070-4571(08)71074-4.
Urbani, F. (2002). La sección geológica del río Miguelena, Camurí Grande, estado Vargas: Una ventana a la geología de la Cordillera de la Costa. Guía de excursión. No. 02-1. Caracas: Ediciones Sociedad Venezolana de Geólogos.
Wagner, G., and van den Haute, P. (1992). Fission track dating. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Yoris, F., and Ostos, M. (1997). Well Evaluation Conference. Caracas: Schlumberger Oilfield Services.