Vol. 44 No. 2 (2022): Boletín de Geología
Artículos científicos

Evolution of the Cretaceous-Paleocene deformation on the western edge of Colombia (northern sector)

Lina María Cetina
Servicio Geológico Colombiano
Mario Andrés Cuéllar-Cárdenas
Servicio Geológico Colombiano
Jairo Alonso Osorio-Naranjo
Servicio Geológico Colombiano
Carlos Augusto Quiroz-Prada
Servicio Geológico Colombiano

Published 2022-07-07

Keywords

  • Occidente colombiano,
  • Extensional and transpressive deformation,
  • Core complex

How to Cite

Cetina, L. M., Cuéllar-Cárdenas, M. A., Osorio-Naranjo, J. A., & Quiroz-Prada, C. A. (2022). Evolution of the Cretaceous-Paleocene deformation on the western edge of Colombia (northern sector). Boletín De Geología, 44(2), 15–50. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v44n2-2022001

Altmetrics

Abstract

In the occidente colombiano we identified an extensional deformation during the Cretaceous, and a transpressive deformation during the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene; the latter considered to belong to the Calima orogenic event. Evidence for the extensional deformation includes the presence of graben and horst structures at the scale of regional maps, the existence of sub-horizontal mylonitic zones, and dome-like structures that are indicative of core complexes. Based on the compilation of geochronological and paleontological data and an analysis of regional structures, we concluded that the first deformative event occurred in the Cretaceous, with a maximum extensional stress displaying an azimuth of 103°N. A second deformative event started in the western flank of the Cordillera Central at ca. 70 Ma, and propagated to the north - northwest. This event is associated with a dextral-transpressive deformation and reworked the inherited extensional fabric, generating a progressive inversion of the existing graben structures under a prevailing contraction oriented at 194°N. From these conclusions, based on the lithological-structural characteristics of the units, we propose an in-situ origin for the Cretaceous margin of the NW of South America (northern sector of the occidente colombiano) and its subsequent consolidation during Cretaceous-Paleogene. Multiple events shaped this margin, including uplift, topography construction, collapse, erosion, depocenter movements, and closure of basins from the continental edge to northwestern Colombia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Allmendinger, R.W.; Cardozo, N.C.; Fisher, D. (2013). Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Álvarez, J.; Eckardt, F. (1970). Geología detallada de la parte suroeste del Cuadrángulo I-8. Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
  3. Álvarez, J.; Rico, H.; Vásquez, H.; Hall, R.; Blade, L. (1975). Geología de la Plancha 115 Toledo. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS-US Geological Survey.
  4. Álvarez, E.; González, H. (1978). Geología y geoquímica de la Plancha I-7 (Urrao). Mapa escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS, Informe 1761, 347 p.
  5. Álvarez, A.J. (1983). Geología de la Cordillera Central y el Occidente colombiano y petroquímica de los intrusivos granitoides Mesocenozóicos. Boletín Geológico, 26(2), 1-175.
  6. Armstrong, R.L. (1982). Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes from Arizona to southern Canada. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 10, 129-154. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001021
  7. Armstrong, R.L.; Ward, P. (1991). Evolving geographic patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the North American Cordillera: the temporal and spatial association of magmatism and metamorphic core complexes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 96(B8), 13201-13224. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00412
  8. Aspden, J.A.; McCourt, W.J.; Brook, M. (1987). Geometrical control of subduction-related magmatism: the Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic history of Western Colombia. Journal of the Geological Society, 144(6), 893-905. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.144.6.0893
  9. Amortegui, A.; Jaillard, E.; Lapierre, H.; Martelat, J.E.; Bosch, D.; Bussy, F. (2011). Petrography and geochemistry of accreted oceanic fragments below the Western Cordillera of Ecuador. Geochemical Journal, 45(1), 57-78. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.1.0091
  10. Avellaneda-Jiménez, D.S.; Cardona, A.; Valencia, V.; Barbosa, J.S.; Jaramillo, J.S.; Monsalve, G.; Ramírez-Hoyos, L. (2020). Erosion and regional exhumation of an Early Cretaceous subduction/accretion complex in the Northern Andes. International Geology Review, 62(2), 186-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1596042
  11. Avellaneda-Jiménez, D.S.; Cardona, A.; Valencia, V.; León, S.; Blanco-Quintero, I.F. (2022). Metamorphic gradient modification in the Early Cretaceous Northern Andes subduction zone: A record from thermally overprinted high-pressure rocks. Geoscience Frontiers, 13(2), 101090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.09.019
  12. Babín-Vich, R.B.; Gómez-Ortiz, D. (2010). Problemas de geología estructural. 5. Rotaciones. Reduca, 2(1), 57-73.
  13. Barrero, D.; Vesga, C. (1976). Mapa Geológico del Cuadrángulo K-9, Armero y mitad sur del J-9, La Dorada. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
  14. Barrero, D. (1979). Geology of the Central Western Cordillera, West of Buga and Roldanillo, Colombia. Publicaciones Especiales INGEOMINAS, 4, 1-75.
  15. Bayona, G.; Cardona, A.; Jaramillo, C.; Mora, A.; Montes, C.; Valencia, V.; Ayala, C.; Montenegro, O.; Ibáñez-Mejía, M. (2012). Early Paleogene magmatism in the northern Andes: Insights on the effects of Oceanic Plateau–continent convergence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 331-332, 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.03.015
  16. Bedoya, R.D.; Toro, L.M. (1996). Petrografía de las metamorfitas del flanco oriental de la Cordillera Central, entre el municipio de Mariquita y el río Lagunillas. Universidad de Caldas, Manizales. Inédito.
  17. Blanco-Quintero, I.F.; García-Casco, A.; Toro, L.M.; Moreno, M.; Ruiz, E.C.; Vinasco, C.J.; Cardona A.; Lázaro, C.; Morata, D. (2014). Late Jurassic terrane collision in the northwestern margin of Gondwana (Cajamarca Complex, eastern flank of the Central Cordillera, Colombia). International Geology Review, 56(15), 1852-1872. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.963710
  18. Block, L.; Royden, L.H. (1990). Core complex geometries and regional scale flow in the lower crust. Tectonics, 9(4), 557-567. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC009i004p00557
  19. Botero, G. (1963). Contribución al conocimiento de la geología de la Zona Central de Antioquia. Anales de la Facultad de Minas, 57, 101p.
  20. Botero, M.G. (2017). Proveniencia y estilo estructural de la Formación Penderisco y las Sedimentitas de Beibaviejo en el corte Uramita – Dabeiba: relación con la evolución del Bloque Panamá – Chocó (PCB). Tesis de Maestría. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
  21. Bourgois, J.; Calle, B.; Tournon, J.; Toussaint, J.F. (1982). The andean ophiolitic megastructures on the Buga-Buenaventura transverse (Western Cordillera-Valle Colombia). Tectonophysics, 82(3-4), 207-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(82)90046-4
  22. Bourgois, J.; Toussaint, J.F.; González, H.; Azema, J.; Calle, B.; Desmet, A.; Murcia, L.; Acevedo, A.; Parra, E.; Tournon, J. (1987). Geological history of the Cretaceous ophiolitic complexes of northwestern South America (Colombian Andes). Tectonophysics, 143(4), 307-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90215-0
  23. Brun, J.P.; Sokoutis, D.; Tirel, C.; Gueydan, F.; Van Den Driessche, J.; Beslier, M.O. (2018). Crustal versus mantle core complexes. Tectonophysics, 746, 22-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.017
  24. Burg, J.P.; Van Den Driessche J.; Brun, J.P. (1994). Syn to post-thickening extension in the Variscan Belt of western Europe: Modes and structural consequences. Geologie de la France, 3, 33-51.
  25. Burgl, H.; Radelli, L. (1962). Nuevas localidades fosilíferas en la Cordillera Central de Colombia (S.A.). Geología Colombiana, 3,133-138.
  26. Burke, K. (1988). Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 16, 201-230. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.16.050188.001221
  27. Bustamante, A. (2008). Geotermobarometria, geoquímica, geocronologia e evolução tectónica das rochas da fácies xisto azul da Colômbia nas áreas de Jambaló (Cauca) e Barragán (Valle del Cauca). Teses de Doutorado, Universidade do São Paulo, Brasil.
  28. Bustamante, C.; Bustamante, A. (2019). Two Cretaceous subduction events in the Central Cordillera: Insights from the high P–low T metamorphism. In: J. Gómez, A.O. Pinilla-Pachón (eds.). The Geology of Colombia (pp. 485-498). Volume 2. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.14
  29. Bustamante, A.; Juliani, C.; Hall, C.M.; Essene, E.J. (2011). 40Ar/39Ar ages from blueschists of the Jambaló region, Central Cordillera of Colombia: implications on the styles of accretion in the Northern Andes. Geologica Acta, 9(3-4), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001697
  30. Bustamante, A.; Juliani, C.; Essene, E.J.; Hall, C.M.; Hyppolito, T. (2012). Geochemical constraints on blueschist- and amphibolite-facies rocks of the Central Cordillera of Colombia: The Andean Barragán region. International Geology Review, 54(9), 1013-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2011.594226
  31. Bustamante, C.; Archanjo, C.J.; Cardona, A.; Bustamante, A.; Valencia, V.A. (2017). U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotopes in Zircons from Parautochthonous Mesozoic Terranes in the Western Margin of Pangea: Implications for the Terrane Configurations in the Northern Andes. The Journal of Geology, 125(5), 487-500. https://doi.org/10.1086/693014
  32. Calle, B.; González, H. (1982). Geología y geoquímica de la Plancha 186, Riosucio. INGEOMINAS, Informe 1878, 173 p.
  33. Calle, B.; Salazar, G. (1999). Geología de la Plancha 185 Bagadó. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
  34. Cardona, A.; Valencia, V.A.; Bayona, G.; Duque, J.; Ducea, M.; Gerhels, G.; Jaramillo, C.; Montes, C.; Ojeda, G.; Ruiz, J. (2011). Early-subduction-related orogeny in the Northern Andes: Turonian to Eocene magmatic and provenance record in the Santa Marta massif and Rancheria Basin, Northern Colombia. Terra Nova, 23(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00979.x
  35. Charrier, R.; Pinto, L.; Rodríguez, M.P. (2007). Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile. In: T. Moreno, W. Gibbons (eds.). The Geology of Chile (pp. 21-114). Chapter 3. Geological Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1144/GOCH.3
  36. Case, J.E.; Duran, L.G.; Lopez, A.; Moore, W.R. (1971). Tectonic investigations in Western Colombia and Eastern Panama. GSA Bulletin, 82(10), 2685-2711. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[2685:TIIWCA]2.0.CO;2
  37. Cediel, F.; Shaw R.P.; Cáceres, C. (2003). Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. In: C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffer, J. Blickwede (eds.). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics (pp. 815-848). AAPG Memoir 79. https://doi.org/10.1306/M79877C37
  38. Cetina, L.M.; Tassinari, C.C.; Rodríguez, G.; Correa-Restrepo, T. (2019). Origin of pre-mesozoic xenocrystic zircons in cretaceous sub-volcanic rocks of the northern Andes (Colombia): paleogeographic implications for the region. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 96, 102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102363
  39. Clarke, D.B. (2007). Assimilation of xenocrysts in granitic magmas: principles, processes, proxies, and problems. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.45.1.5
  40. Cochrane, R.; Spikings, R.; Gerdes, A.; Ulianov, A.; Mora, A.; Villagómez, D.; Putlitz B.; Chiaradia, M. (2014). Permo-Triassic anatexis, continental rifting and the disassembly of western Pangaea. Lithos, 190-191, 383-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.020
  41. Coney, P.J. (1980). Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: An overview. In: M.D. Crittenden, P.J. Coney, G.H. Davis (eds). Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes (pp. 7-34). Vol. 153. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM153-p7
  42. Coney, P.J.; Harms, T.A. (1984). Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: Cenozoic extensional relics of Mesozoic compression. Geology, 12(9), 550-554. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<550:CMCCCE>2.0.CO;2
  43. Cordani, U.; Cardona, A.; Jiménez, D.; Liu, D.; Nutman, A. (2005). Geochronology of Proterozoic basement inliers in the Colombian Andes: tectonic history of remnants of a fragmented Grenville belt. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 246, 329-346. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.246.01.13
  44. Correa, T.; Obando, M.G.; Zapata, J.P.; Rincón, A.V.; Ortiz, F.H.; Rodríguez, G.; Cetina, L.M. (2018a). Geología del borde Occidental de la plancha 130 Santa Fe de Antioquia. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Memoria explicativa, 551p.
  45. Correa, T.; Zapata, J.P.; Obando, M.; Rincón, A.; Cetina, L.; Ortiz, F. (2018b). Mapa geológico de la Plancha 130-I y 130-III. Escala 1:50.000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
  46. Cosca, M.A.; Essene, E.J.; Mezger, K.; Van Der Pluijm, B.A. (1995). Constraints on the duration of tectonic processes: Protracted extension and deep-crustal rotation in the Grenville orogen. Geology, 23(4), 361-364. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0361:COTDOT>2.3.CO;2
  47. Cossio, U. (2003). Geología de las Planchas 127 Cupica, 128 Río Murrí, 143 Bahía Solano y 144 Tagachí. INGEOMINAS, Memoria Explicativa, 65 p.
  48. Crittenden, M.D.; Coney, P.J.; Davis, G.H. (1980). Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. Geological Society of America Memoir, vol. 153. https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM153
  49. Cuéllar-Cárdenas, M.A.; Sánchez-Botero, C.A.; Valencia-Marín, M. (2003). Caracterización petrográfica y deformativa de las rocas aflorantes en los alrededores de la Falla San Jerónimo, al este del municipio de Manizales. Tesis, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
  50. Davies, J.F.; Whitehead, R.E. (2010). Alkali/alumina molar ratio trends in altered granitoid rocks hosting porphyry and related deposits. Exploration and Mining Geology, 19(1-2), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.19.1-2.13
  51. Decarlis, A.; Gillard, M.; Tribuzio, R.; Epin, M.E.; Manatschal, G. (2018). Breaking up continents at magma-poor rifted margins: a seismic vs. outcrop perspective. Journal of the Geological Society, 175(6), 875-882. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-041
  52. DePaolo, D.J. (1981). Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 53(2), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(81)90153-9
  53. Dewey, J.F. (1988). Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, 7(6), 1123-1139. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i006p01123
  54. Díaz-Cañas, J.S. (2015). Marco bioestratigráfico y proveniencia de la Formación Penderisco, y su significado en la formación de un domo marginal a las Fallas de Romeral. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
  55. Duncan, R.A.; Hargraves, R.B. (1984). Plate tectonic evolution of the Caribbean region in the mantle reference frame. In: W.E. Bonini, R.B. Hargraves, R. Shagam (eds). The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (pp. 81-93). Memoir 162. Geological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM162-p81
  56. Duque-Caro, H. (1990). The Choco Block in the northwestern corner of South America: Structural, tectonostratigraphic, and paleogeographic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 3(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(90)90019-W
  57. Estrada, J.J.; Viana, R.; González, H. (2001). Geología de la Plancha 205 Chinchiná. INGEOMINAS, Memoria explicativa, 93 p.
  58. Etayo-Serna, F.; González, H.; Álvarez, J. (1980). Mid-Albian Ammonites from Northern Western Cordillera, Colombia, S.A. Geología Norandina, 2, 25-30.
  59. Feininger, T.; Barrero, D.; Castro, N. (1972). Geología de parte de los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas (sub-zona II-B). Boletín Geológico, 20(2), 1-173.
  60. Floyd, P.; Winchester, J. (1975). Magma type and tectonic setting discrimination using immobile elements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 27(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(75)90031-X
  61. Frisch, W.; Meschede, M.; Blakey, R.C. (2011). Plate tectonics: continental drift and mountain building. Springer Science, Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76504-2
  62. Frost, B.R.; Barnes, C.G.; Collins, W.J.; Arculus, R.J.; Ellis, D.J.; Frost, C.D. (2001). A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42(11), 2033-2048. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033
  63. Frost, C.D.; Frost, B.R.; Beard, J.S. (2016). On silica-rich granitoids and their eruptive equivalents. American Mineralogist, 101(6), 1268-1284. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5307
  64. Gans, P.B.; Miller, E.L.; McCarthy, J.; Ouldcott, M.L. (1985). Tertiary extensional faulting and evolving ductile-brittle transition zones in the northern Snake Range and vicinity: New insights from seismic data. Geology, 13(3), 189-193. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<189:TEFAED>2.0.CO;2
  65. García-Chinchilla, D.A. (2010). Caracterización de la deformación y metamorfismo de los Esquistos de Sabaletas, parte norte de la Cordillera. Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
  66. García-Ramírez, C.A.; Ríos-Reyes, C.A.; Castellanos-Alarcón, O.M.; Mantilla-Figueroa, L.C. (2017). Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Arquía Complex´s metabasites at the Pijao-Génova sector, Central Cordillera, Colombian Andes. Boletín de Geología, 39(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v39n1-2017005
  67. GEOESTUDIOS (2005). Complementación geológica, geoquímica y geofísica de la parte occidental de las planchas 130 Santa Fe de Antioquia y 146 Medellín Occidental. INGEOMINAS, contrato N° PL-007-2004.
  68. Glazner, A.F.; Coleman, D.S.; Bartley, J.M. (2008). The tenuous connection between high-silica rhyolites and granodiorite plutons. Geology, 36(2), 183-186. https://doi.org/10.1130/G24496A.1
  69. Gómez, J.; Montes, N.; Nivia, A.; Diederix, H. (2015). Mapa Geológico de Colombia 2015. Escala 1:1 000 000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, 2 hojas. Bogotá. https://doi.org/10.32685/10.143.2015.935
  70. Gómez-Cruz, A.; Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Pardo-Trujillo, A. (1995). Edad y origen del “Complejo metasedimentario Aranzazu-Manizales” en los alrededores de Manizales (Departamento de Caldas, Colombia). Geología Colombiana, 19, 83-93.
  71. González, H. (1976). Geología del Cuadrángulo J-8, Sonsón. INGEOMINAS, informe 1704, 421 p.
  72. González, H. (1980). Geología de las planchas 167 (Sonsón) y 187 (Salamina). Boletín Geológico, 23(1), 1-174. https://doi.org/10.32685/0120-1425/bolgeol23.1.1980.396
  73. González, H. (2001). Memoria explicativa del mapa geológico del departamento Antioquia. INGEOMINAS, 241 p.
  74. González, H.; Londoño, A.C. (2002). Catálogo de Unidades Litoestratigráficas de Colombia. Cretácico Superior. Tonalita de Buriticá (Stock de Buriticá) (K2tb) Cordillera Occidental. Departamento de Antioquia. INGEOMINAS, 16 p.
  75. González, H.; Salazar, G. (2002). Plancha 145 Urrao, Mapa Geológico. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
  76. González, H. (2010). Geoquímica, geocronología de las unidades litológicas asociadas al Sistema de Fallas Cauca-Romeral, sector centro-sur, Tomo I. INGEOMINAS, informe interno, 412 p.
  77. González, H.; Londoño, A.C. (2003). Geología de las planchas 129 Cañas Gordas y 145 Urrao. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS, Memoria Explicativa, 117 p.
  78. Grajales, J.A.; Nieto-Samaniego, Á.F.; Barrero-Lozano, D.; Osorio, J.A.; Cuéllar, M.A. (2020). Emplazamiento del magmatismo Paleoceno-Eoceno bajo un régimen transtensional y su evolución a un equilibrio dinámico en el borde occidental de Colombia. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 37(3), 250-268. https://doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2020.3.1570
  79. Guiral-Vega, J.S.; Rincón-Gamero, J.J.; Ordoñez-Carmona, O. (2015). Geología de la porción sur del Batolito de Sabanalarga. Implicaciones para la teoría de terrenos al occidente de Colombia. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 38, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.15446/rbct.n38.46367
  80. Hall, R.B.; Álvarez, J.; Rico, H. (1972). Geología de parte de los departamentos de Antioquia y Caldas (sub-zona II-A). Boletín Geológico, 20(1), 1-85.
  81. Hawkesworth, C.; Turner, S.; Gallagher, K.; Hunter, A.; Bradshaw, T.; Rogers, N. (1995). Calc‐alkaline magmatism, lithospheric thinning and extension in the Basin and Range. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B6), 10271-10286. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB02508
  82. Hibbard, M.J. (1995). Mixed magma rocks. Petrography to petrogenesis (pp. 242-260). Prentice-Hall.
  83. Hincapié-Gómez, S.; Cardona, A.; Jiménez, G.; Monsalve, G.; Ramírez-Hoyos, L.; Bayona, G. (2017). Paleomagnetic and gravimetrical reconnaissance of cretaceous volcanic rocks from the western Colombian Andes: paleogeographic connections with the Caribbean Plate. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, 62(3), 485-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-016-0678-y
  84. Hochmuth, K.; Gohl, K.; Uenzelmann-Neben, G. (2015). Playing jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces - A plate tectonic reconstruction of Ontong Java Nui, West Pacific. Geochemistry, Geophysic, Geosystems, 16(11), 3789-3807. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006036
  85. Hooper, P.R.; Bailey, D.G.; Holder, G.A. (1995). Tertiary calc‐alkaline magmatism associated with lithospheric extension in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 100(B6), 10303-10319. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03328
  86. Hoyos-Estrada, G.M.; Restrepo-Mejía, C.; Salazar-Serna, J.G. (1990). Características sedimentotectónicas de la Formación Penderisco en el sector norte de la Cordillera Occidental, Colombia. Tesis, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín.
  87. Hsui, A.T.; Toksöz, M.N. (1981). Back-arc spreading: trench migration, continental pull or induced convection? Tectonophysics, 74(1-2), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(81)90129-3
  88. Hutton, D.H.W.; Dempster, T.J.; Brown, P.E.; Becker, S.D. (1990). A new mechanism of granite emplacement - intrusion in active extensional shear zones. Nature, 343, 452-455. https://doi.org/10.1038/343452a0
  89. Janoušek, V.; Farrow, C. M.; Erban, V. (2006). Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit). Journal of Petrology, 47(6), 1255-1259. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl013
  90. Jaramillo, J.S.; Cardona, A.; León, S.; Valencia, V.; Vinasco, C. (2017). Geochemistry and geochronology from Cretaceous magmatic and sedimentary rocks at 6°35′ N, western flank of the Central Cordillera (Colombian Andes): Magmatic record of arc growth and collision. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 76, 460-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.012
  91. Kammer, A. (1993). Las fallas de Romeral y su relación con la tectónica de la Cordillera Central. Geología Colombiana, 18, 27-46.
  92. Kerr, A.C.; Marriner, G.F.; Tarney, J.; Nivia, A.; Saunders, A.D.; Thirlwall, M.F.; Sinton, C.W. (1997). Cretaceous basaltic terranes in Western Colombia: elemental chronological and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on petrogenesis. Journal of Petrology, 38(6), 677-702. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.6.677
  93. Kerr, A.C.; Tarney, J.; Kempton, P.D.; Pringle, M.; Nivia, A. (2004). Mafic pegmatites intruding oceanic plateau gabbros and ultramafic cumulates from Bolívar, Colombia: Evidence for a ‘wet’ mantle plume? Journal of Petrology, 45(9), 1877-1906. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh037
  94. Kusznir, N.J.; Park, R.G. (1987). The extensional strength of the continental lithosphere: its dependence on geothermal gradient, and crustal composition and thickness. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.04
  95. Larson, R.L.; Pitman, W.C. (1972). World-wide correlation of Mesozoic magnetic anomalies and its applications. GSA Bulletin, 83(12), 3645-3662. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3645:WCOMMA]2.0.CO;2
  96. Larson, R.L. (1991). Latest pulse of Earth: Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplume. Geology, 19(6), 547-550. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0547:LPOEEF>2.3.CO;2
  97. Leal-Mejía, H. (2011). Phanerozoic gold metallogeny in the Colombian Andes: a tectono-magmatic approach. PhD Thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, España.
  98. León, S.; Cardona, A.; Parra, M.; Sobel, E.R.; Jaramillo, J.S.; Glodny, J.; Valencia, V.A.; Chew, D.; Montes, C.; Posada, G.; Monsalve, G.; Pardo-Trujillo, A. (2018). Transition from collisional to subduction-related regimes: an example from Neogene Panama-Nazca-South-America interactions. Tectonics, 37(1), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004785
  99. Lister, G.S.; Davis, G.A. (1989). The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology, 11(1-2), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(89)90036-9
  100. Liu, L.; Spasojevic, S.; Gurnis, M. (2008). Reconstructing Farallon Plate subduction beneath North America back to the Late Cretaceous. Science, 322(5903), 934-938. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162921
  101. Londoño, A.C.; González, H. (2002). Geología de la Plancha 129 Cañasgordas. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
  102. López-Isaza, J.A.; Leal-Mejía, H.; Luengas-Burgos, C.S.; Velásquez-Cárdenas, L.E.; Celada-Arango, C.M.; Sepúlveda-Ospina, M.J.; Prieto-Gómez, D.A.; Gómez-Casallas, M.; Prieto, R.G.; Hart, C.J.R. (2018). Mapa Metalogénico de Colombia: principios, conceptos y modelos de depósito y manifestaciones u ocurrencias minerales para Colombia. Bogotá. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, 189p.
  103. Macía, C. (1985). Características petrográficas y geoquímicas de rocas basálticas de la Península de Cabo Corrientes (Serranía de Baudó), Colombia. Geología Colombiana, 14, 25-37.
  104. Malavielle, J.; Taboada, A. (1991). Kinematic model for postorogenic Basin and Range extension. Geology, 19(6), 555-558. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0555:KMFPBA>2.3.CO;2
  105. Marrett, R.; Allmendinger, R.W. (1990). Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data. Journal of Structural Geology, 12(8), 973-986. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90093-E
  106. Marrett, R.; Allmendinger, R.W. (1991). Estimates of strain due to brittle faulting: sampling of fault populations. Journal of Structural Geology, 13(6), 735-738. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90034-G
  107. Martinod, J.; Husson, L.; Roperch, P.; Guillaume, B.; Espurt, N. (2010). Horizontal subduction zones, convergence velocity and the building of the Andes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 299(3-4), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.010
  108. Maya, M.; González, H. (1995). Unidades litodémicas en la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Boletín Geológico, 35(2-3), 43-57.
  109. McCourt, W.J. (1984). The Geology of the Central Cordillera the Departament of Valle del Cauca, Quindio and (N.W) Tolima (Sheets 243, 261, 262, 280 y 300). INGEOMINAS, 180 p.
  110. McCourt, W.; Aspden, J. (1984). A plate tectonic model for the Phanerozoic evolution of Central and Southern Colombia. 10th Caribbean Geological Conference, Cartagena, Colombia.
  111. McCourt, W.J.; Aspden, J.A.; Brook, M. (1984). New geological and geochronological data from the Colombian Andes: continental growth by multiple accretion. Journal of the Geological Society, 141(5), 831-845. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.141.5.0831
  112. McKenzie, D.; Jackson, J. (2002). Conditions for flow in the continental crust. Tectonics, 21(6), 5-1-5-7. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001394
  113. Meissnar, R.O.; Flueh, E.R.; Stibane, F.; Berg, E. (1976). Dynamics of the active plate boundary in southwest Colombia according to recent geophysical measurements. Tectonophysics, 35(1-3), 115-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(76)90032-9
  114. Mejía, M.; Álvarez, E.; González, H; Grosse, E. (1983). Geología de la Plancha 130 Santa Fe de Antioquia. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
  115. Mejía, M. (1984). Geología y geoquímica de las planchas 130 (Santa Fe de Antioquia) y 146 (Medellín Occidental). INGEOMINAS. Memoria explicativa, 397 p.
  116. Mejía, M.; Salazar, G. (1989). Geología de la Plancha 114 (Dabeiba) y parte W de la 115 (Toledo). INGEOMINAS, informe interno, 111 p.
  117. Miller, E.L.; Gans, P.B.; Garlin, J. (1983). The Snake Range décollement: An exhumed mid-Tertiary brittle-ductile transition. Tectonics, 2(3), 239-263. https://doi.org/10.1029/TC002i003p00239
  118. Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Pardo-Trujillo, A. (2002). Historia geológica del occidente colombiano. Geo-Eco-Trop, 26(2), 91-113.
  119. Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Gómez-Cruz, A. (2002). Ambientes oceánicos someros en Puente Umbria (Cordillera Occidental, Colombia) durante el Campaniano-Maastichtiano. Geo-Eco-Trop, 26(2), 75-90.
  120. Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Pardo-Trujillo, A. (2003). Stratigraphical and sedimentological constraints on western Colombia: Implications on the evolution of the Caribbean plate. In: C. Bartolini, R.T. Buffler, J. Blickwede (eds). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon habitats, basin formation, and plate tectonics (pp. 891- 924). AAPG Memoir, Vol. 79. https://doi.org/10.1306/M79877C40
  121. Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Hincapié, G.; Ossa, C.A.; Toro-Toro, L.M. (2016). Caracterización geológico-estructural de algunas zonas de cizalla en el Complejo Quebradagrande en los alrededores de Manizales y Villamaría. Boletín de Geología, 38(4), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v38n4-2016001
  122. Mosquera, D. (1978). Geología del Cuadrángulo K-8. INGEOMINAS, Informe interno, 78 p.
  123. Neumayr, P.; Hoinkes, G.; Puhl, J.; Mogessie, A.; Khudeir, A.A. (1998). The Meatiq dome (Eastern Desert, Egypt) a Precambrian metamorphic core complex: petrological and geological evidence. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 16(2), 259-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1998.00132.x
  124. Nivia, A. (1996). The Bolivar mafic-ultramafic complex, SW Colombia: the base of an obducted oceanic plateau. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 9(1-2), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(96)00027-2
  125. Nivia, A. (2001). Mapa geológico del Departamento del Valle del Cauca. Escala 1: 250000. INGEOMINAS, Memoria explicativa, 150 p.
  126. Nivia, A.; Marriner, G.F.; Kerr, A.C.; Tarney, J. (2006). The Quebradagrande Complex: A Lower Cretaceous ensialic marginal basin in the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 423-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.002
  127. Nivia, A.; Tarazona, C.; Paz, D.; Ríos, J.; Melo, A.; Patiño, H.; Torres, E.; Montoya, A. (2019). Geología de las planchas 261 y 280 en los sectores de afloramiento del Macizo Ofiolítico de Ginebra y el Batolito de Buga. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Memoria explicativa, 517 p.
  128. Ohta, T.; Arai, H. (2007). Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering in ingeous rocks: A new tool for evaluating the degree of weathering. Chemical Geology, 240(3-4), 280-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.02.017
  129. Ordóñez, O.; Pimentel, M.; Laux, J.H. (2007). Edades U-Pb del batolito Antioqueño. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 22, 129-130.
  130. Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Gómez-Cruz, A. (2002). Estratigrafía y análisis facial del Cretácico Superior en el sector de Apia-Pueblo Rico (Cordillera Occidental, Colombia). Geo-Eco-Trop, 26(2), 51-74.
  131. Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Cardona, A.; Giraldo, A.S.; León, S.; Vallejo, D.F.; Trejos-Tamayo, R.; Plata, A.; Ceballos, J.; Echeverri, S.; Barbosa-Espitia, A.; Slattery, J.; Salazar-Ríos, A.; Botello, G.E.; Celis, S.A.; Osorio-Granada, E.; Giraldo-Villegas, C.A. (2020). Sedimentary record of the Cretaceous–Paleocene arc–continent collision in the northwestern Colombian Andes: Insights from stratigraphic and provenance constraints. Sedimentary Geology, 401, 105627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105627
  132. Parra, E.; González, E.M. (2002). Geología de la Plancha 112 Bis Juradó. INGEOMINAS, Informe interno. 32 p.
  133. Pearce, J. (1996). Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes, 19(4), 120-125. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1996/v19i4/005
  134. Pindell, J.L.; Kennan, L. (2009). Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and northern South America in the mantle reference frame: an update. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 328, 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP328.1
  135. Ramos, V.A. (2010). The Grenville-age basement of the Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2009.09.004
  136. Reiter, F.; Acs, P. (1996-2017). TectonicsFP, Software for Structural Geology, Microsoft Windows. Innsbruck University, Austria.
  137. Restrepo, J.J. (1986). Metamorfismo en el sector norte de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, 276 p. Informe.
  138. Restrepo, J.J.; Toussaint, J.F. (1974). Obducción Cretácea en el occidente colombiano. Anales de la Facultad de Minas, 58, 73-105, Medellín.
  139. Restrepo, J.J.; Toussaint, J.F. (1988). Terranes and continental accretion in the Colombian Andes. Episodes, 11(3), 189-193. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/1988/v11i3/006
  140. Restrepo, J.J.; Toussaint, J.F.; González, H.; Cordani, U.G.; Kawashita, K.; Linares, E.; Parica, C. (1991). Precisiones geocronológicas sobre el Occidente Colombiano. Simposio sobre Magmatismo Andino y su Marco Tectónico. Manizales, Colombia.
  141. Rodríguez, C.R.; Rojas, R. (1985). Estratigrafía y tectónica de la Serie Infracretácica en los alrededores de San Felix, Cordillera Central de Colombia. En: F. Etayo-Serna, F. Laverde-Montaño (eds). Proyecto Cretácico (pp. 258-278). Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales del INGEOMINAS, No 16.
  142. Rodríguez, G.; González, H.; Restrepo, J.J.; Martens, U.; Cardona, J.D. (2012). Ocurrence of Granulites in the northern part of the Western Cordillera of Colombia. Boletín de Geología, 34(2), 37-53.
  143. Rodríguez, G.; Arango, M.I. (2013). Formación Barroso: Arco volcánico toleítico y Diabasas de San José de Urama: un prisma acrecionario T–MORB en el segmento norte de la Cordillera Occidental de Colombia. Boletín Ciencias de la Tierra, 33,17-38.
  144. Rodríguez, G.; Zapata, G.; Gómez, J.F. (2013a). Geología de la Plancha 114 Dabeiba. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Informe interno, 210 p.
  145. Rodríguez, G.; Zapata, G.; Gómez, J.F.; Mejía, M.; Salazar, G. (2013b). Geología de la Plancha 114 Dabeiba. Escala 1:100.000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
  146. Rodríguez-Jiménez, J.V.; Vinasco, C.; Archanjo, C.J. (2018). Emplacement of the Triassic Pueblito Pluton, NW Colombia: Implications for the evolution of the western margin of Pangea. Tectonics, 37(11), 4150-4172. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005138
  147. Roşu, E.; Seghedi, I.; Downes, H.; Alderton, D.H.; Szakács, A.; Pécskay, Z.; Panaiotu, C.; Panaiotu, C.E.; Nedelcu, L. (2004). Extension-related Miocene calc-alkaline magmatism in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania: origin of magmas. Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology, 84(1), 153-172.
  148. Ruiz-Jiménez, E.C.; Blanco-Quintero, I.F.; Toro-Toro, L.M.; Moreno-Sánchez, M.; Vinasco, C.J.; García-Casco, A.; Morata, D.; Gómez-Cruz, A. (2012). Geoquímica y petrología de las metabasitas del Complejo Arquía (Municipio de Santa Fe de Antioquia y Río Arquía, Colombia): implicaciones geodinámicas. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 32, 65-79.
  149. Schaen, A.J.; Jicha, B.R.; Hodges, K.V.; Vermeesch, P.; Stelten, M.E.; Mercer, C.M.; Phillips, D.; Rivera, T.; Jourdan, F.; Matchan, E.; Hemming, S.; Morgan, L.; Kelley, S.; Cassata, W.; Heizler, M.; Vasconcelos, P.; Benowitz, J.; Koppers, A.; Mark, D.; Niespolo, E.; Sprain, C.; Hames, W.; Kuiper, K.; Turrin, B.; Renne, P.; Ross, J.; Nomade, S.; Guillou, H.; Webb, L.; Cohen, B.; Calvert, A.; Joyce, N.; Ganerød, M.; Wijbrans, J.; Ishizuka, O.; He, H.; Ramirez, A.; Pfänder, J.; Lopez-Martínez, M.; Qiu, H.; Singer, B. (2021). Interpreting and reporting 40Ar/39Ar geochronologic data. GSA Bulletin, 133(3-4), 461-487. https://doi.org/10.1130/B35560.1
  150. Serrano, L.; Ferrari, L.; López-Martínez, M.; Petrone, C.M.; Jaramillo, C. (2011). An integrative geologic, geochronologic and geochemical study of Gorgona Island, Colombia: Implications for the formation of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 309(3-4), 324-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.011
  151. Spencer, J.E. (1984). Role of tectonic denudation in warping an uplift of low-angle normal faults. Geology, 12(2), 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<95:ROTDIW>2.0.CO;2
  152. Spikings, R.; Cochrane, R.; Villagómez, D.; Van der Lelij, R.; Vallejo, C.; Winkler, W.; Beate, B. (2015). The geological history of northwestern South America: from Pangaea to the early collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (290-75 Ma). Gondwana Research, 27(1), 95-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.06.004
  153. Tegner, C.; Wilson, J.R.; Robins, B. (2005). Crustal assimilation in basalt and jotunite: Constraints from layered intrusions. Lithos, 83(3-4), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.03.007
  154. Toksöz, M.N.; Bird, P. (1977). Formation and evolution of marginal basins and continental plateaus. In: M. Talwani, W.C. Pitman (eds). Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches and Back-arc Basins (pp. 379-373). Volume 1. American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/ME001p0379
  155. Toro-Toro, L.M.; Vallejo, F.; Salazar-Ríos, A.; Murcia, H.; Osorio-Ocampo, S.; García-Arias, M.; Arredondo, C. (2020). Granulitic rocks at the Western Cordillera of Colombia: Evidence of metamorphism in the Colombian Caribbean Oceanic Plateau. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 101, 102632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102632
  156. Toussaint, J.F. (1993). Evolución geológica de Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
  157. Toussaint, J.F.; Restrepo, J.J. (1990). Cronología de las acreciones de terrenos alóctonos en los Andes colombianos. Symposium International Géodynamique Andine, Grenoble, France.
  158. Toussaint, J.F.; Restrepo, J.J. (2020). Tectonostratigraphic terranes in Colombia: An update. Second part: Oceanic terranes. In: J. Gómez, A.O. Pinilla–Pachón (eds.). The Geology of Colombia (pp. 237-260). Volume 2, Servicio Geológico Colombiano. https://doi.org/10.32685/pub.esp.36.2019.07
  159. Toussaint, J.F.; González, H.; Restrepo, J.J.; Linares, E. (1980). Edad K/Ar de tres rocas metamórficas del flanco noroccidental de la Cordillera Central. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 5-6, 63-69.
  160. Van der Hammen, T. (1961). Late Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy and tectonogenesis of the Colombian Andes. Geologie en Mijbouw, 40, 181-188.
  161. Villagómez, D. (2010). Thermochronology, geochronology and geochemistry of the Western and Central Cordilleras and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia: the tectonic evolution of NW South America. Doctoral dissertation, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
  162. Villagómez, D.; Spikings, R.; Magna, T.; Kammer, A.; Winkler, W.; Beltrán, A. (2011). Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos, 125(3-4), 875-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.003
  163. Villagómez, D.; Spikings, R. (2013). Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous-Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160-161, 228-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.12.008
  164. Vinasco, C. (2001). A utilização da metodologia 40Ar-39Ar para o estudo de reativações tectónicas em zonas de cisalhamento. Tesis de Maestría, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
  165. Vinasco, C.J.; Cordani, U.G.; González, H.; Weber, M.; Peláez.; C. (2006). Geochronological, isotopic, and geochemical data from Permo-Triassic granitic gneisses and granitoids of the Colombian Central Andes. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 355-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.007
  166. Vinasco, C.; Cordani, U. (2012). Reactivation episodes of the Romeral fault system in the Northwestern part of Central Andes, Colombia, through 39Ar-40Ar and K-Ar results. Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 32, 111-124.
  167. Vinasco, C. (2019). The Romeral shear zone. In: F. Cediel, R.P. Shaw (eds.). Geology and Tectonics of Northwestern South America (pp. 833-876). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76132-9_12
  168. Weber, M.; Gómez-Tapias, J.; Cardona, A.; Duarte, E.; Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Valencia, V.A. (2015). Geochemistry of the Santa Fé Batholith and Buriticá Tonalite in NW Colombia – Evidence of subduction initiation beneath the Colombian Caribbean Plateau. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 62, 257-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.04.002
  169. Wernicke, B.P.; Christiansen, R.L.; England, P.C.; Sonder, L.J. (1987). Tectonomagmatic evolution of Cenozoic extension in the North American Cordillera. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 203-221. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.15
  170. Wilt, J.C. (1993). Geochemical patterns of hydrothermal mineral deposits associated with calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic igneous rocks as evaluated with neural networks. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Arizona, Arizona, USA.
  171. Wilson, B.M. (2007). Igneous petrogenesis a global tectonic approach. Springer Science, Business Media.
  172. Zapata, S.; Cardona, A.; Jaramillo, J.S.; Patiño, A.; Valencia, V.; León, S.; Mejía, D.; Pardo-Trujillo, A.; Castañeda, J.P. (2019). Cretaceous extensional and compressional tectonics in the Northwestern Andes, prior to the collision with the Caribbean oceanic plateau. Gondwana Research, 66, 207-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.10.008