Articles
TRANSVERSE ZONES IN THE AXIAL DOMAIN OF THE EASTERN CORDILLERA - FOOTWALL OF THE SOAPAGA FAULT (SÁTIVA SUR - SÁTIVA NORTE, BOYACÁ)
Published 2017-10-06
Keywords
- Soapaga Fault,
- Transversal zone,
- structural style,
- Andean Orogeny
How to Cite
Villar, A., Alarcón, H., Jiménez, G., & Velandia, F. (2017). TRANSVERSE ZONES IN THE AXIAL DOMAIN OF THE EASTERN CORDILLERA - FOOTWALL OF THE SOAPAGA FAULT (SÁTIVA SUR - SÁTIVA NORTE, BOYACÁ). Boletín De Geología, 39(3), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v39n3-2017001
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Abstract
Three structural domains were interpreted along the Soapaga Fault according to the observed changes of the footwall block, this after the geological mapping of a sector near the Floresta Massif in the Eastern Cordillera axial zone. The northern domain shows a regional anticlinal, which is cut by reverse mid-angle sub-parallel and fold accommodation faults. Is evident that in the in the central and southern domains a tilted syncline shares a limb with the East verging adjacent anticline. These two domains are separated by a NWW transverse zone. The Soapaga fault system is defined in the area as a trailing imbricate fan. Transverse faults may suggest the presence of a transfer zone associated to pre-existing basement anisotropies that have been reactivated during the Eastern Cordillera Cenozoic uplift.
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References
Acosta, J., Lonergan, L., and Coward, M.P. 2004. Oblique transpression in the western thrust front of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 17(3): 181-194.
Alarcón, H., y Villar, A. 2016. Integración de datos estratigráficos y estructurales de las unidades Paleógenas presentes en el bloque yacente de la Falla de Soapaga. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga. 149p.
Bande, A., Horton, B.K., Ramírez, J.C., Mora, A., Parra, M., and Stockli, D.F. 2012. Clastic deposition, provenance, and sequence of Andean thrusting in the frontal Eastern Cordillera and Llanos foreland basin of Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124(1-2): 59-76.
Bayona, G., Cortés, M., Jaramillo, C., Ojeda, G., Aristizabal, J.J., and Reyes-Harker, A. 2008. An integrated analysis of an orogen–sedimentary basin pair: Latest Cretaceous–Cenozoic evolution of the linked Eastern Cordillera orogen and the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 120(9-10): 1171-1197.
Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Jaramillo, C., Mora, A., Montes, C., Caballero, V., Mahecha, H., Lamus, F., Montenegro, O., Jimenez, G., Mesa, A., and Valencia, V. 2013. Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377(1): 285-314.
Caballero, V., y Sierra, H. 1991. Estratigrafía del Cretácico en el Área de San Andrés, Santander. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga. 120p.
Colletta, B., Hebrard, F., Letouzey, J., Werner, P., and Rudkiewicz, J. 1990. Tectonic style and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: Letouzey, J. (Ed.). Petroleum and tectonics in mobile belts. Editions Technip. Paris, pp. 81-100.
Cook, B.S., and Thomas, W.A. 2009. Superposed lateral ramps in the Pell City thrust sheet, Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama. Journal of Structural Geology, 31(9): 941-949.
Cooper, M., Addison, F., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R., Hayward, A., Howe, S., Martínez, J., Naar, J., Peñas, R., Pulham, J., and Taborda, A. 1995. Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10): 1421-1443.
Dahlstrom, C.D. 1970. Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. CSPG Bulletin, 18(3): 332-406.
Dengo, C.A., and Covey, M.C. 1993. Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. AAPG Bulletin, 77(8): 1315-1337.
Dutch, S. 2000. Construct a Fold Cross-Section Using the Kink Method. University of Winconsin–GreenBay. Consultado el 15 de enero de 2016. https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/STRUCTGE/SL162KinkMethod.HTM
Fabre, A. 1985. Dinámica de la sedimentación Cretácica en la región de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia). En: Etayo-Serna, F., y Laverde-Montaño, F. (Eds.). Proyecto Cretácico, contribuciones. Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales, 16: pp. 1-20.
García, H., and Jiménez, G. 2016. Transverse zones controlling the structural evolution of the Zipaquira Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia): Regional implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 69: 243-258.
Guerrero, J., y Sarmiento, G. 1996. Estratigrafía física, palinológica, sedimentológica y secuencial del Cretácico Superior y Paleoceno del Piedemonte Llanero: Implicaciones en exploración petrolera. Geología Colombiana, 20: 3-66.
Harris, L.D. 1970. Details of thin-skinned tectonics in parts of Valley and Ridge and Cumberland Plateau provinces of the southern Appalachians. In: Fisher, G.W., Pettijohn, F.J., Reed, J.C., and Weaver, K.N. (Eds.). Studies of Appalachian Geology: Central and Southern. Interscience. New York, pp. 161-173.
Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Nie, J., Mora, A., Parra, M., Reyes-Harker, A., and Stockli, D.F. 2010. Linking sedimentation in the northern Andes to basement configuration, Mesozoic extension, and Cenozoic shortening: Evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122(9-10): 1423-1442.
Jiménez, G., Rico, J., Bayona, G., Montes, C., Rosero, A., and Sierra, D. 2012. Analysis of curved folds and fault/fold terminations in the southern Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 184-201.
Jiménez, G., Speranza, F., Faccenna, C., Bayona, G., and Mora, A. 2014. Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Evidence for oblique convergence and nonrotational reactivation of a Mesozoic intracontinental rift. Tectonics, 33(11): 2233-2260.
Kammer, A. 1996. Estructuras y deformaciones del borde oriental del Macizo de Floresta. Geología Colombiana, 21: 65-80.
Kammer, A. 1999. Observaciones acerca de un origen transpresivo de la Cordillera Oriental. Geología Colombiana, 24: 29-53.
Kammer, A., and Sánchez, J. 2006. Early Jurassic rift structures associated with the Soapaga and Boyacá faults of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia: Sedimentological inferences and regional implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4): 412-422.
Konstantinovskaya, E.A., Harris, L.B., Poulin, J., and Ivanov, G.M. 2007. Transfer zones and fault reactivation in inverted rift basins: Insights from physical modelling. Tectonophysics, 441(1-4): 1-26.
Kwon, S., and Mitra, G. 2012. An alternative interpretation for the map expression of “abrupt” changes in lateral stratigraphic level near transverse zones in fold-thrust belts. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(4): 401-406.
McCourt, W.J., Aspden, J.A., and Brook, M. 1984. New geological and geochronological data from the Colombian Andes: Continental growth by multiple accretion. Journal of the Geological Society, 141(5): 831-845.
Mitra, S. 2002. Fold-accommodation faults. AAPG Bulletin, 86(4): 671-694.
Mojica, J., y Villarroel, C. 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades Paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. Geología Colombiana, 13: 55-79.
Montes, L.A., Hernández, O., Kammer, A., Guerrero, J., Jaramillo, J.M., Escandón, C., Aguilera, R., Téllez, J., Alexander, G., Rodríguez, D.M., Medina, E., Piraquive, A., del Valle, A., and Cerón, M. 2008. Prospectivity of the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia. Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos, Colombia.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., and Stockli, D.F. 2010. Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum systems. AAPG Bulletin, 94(10): 1543-1580.
Pardo, A., y Jaramillo, C. 2014. Palinología y paleoambientes de los depósitos Paleógenos del sector central de la Cordillera Oriental Colombiana: 35 Millones de años de historia de la vegetación neotropical. Colombia Diversidad Biótica XI. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Ramirez-Arias, J. C., Mora, A., Rubiano, J., Duddy, I., Parra, M., Moreno, N. and Casallas, W. 2012. The asymmetric evolution of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Tectonic inheritance or climatic forcing? New evidence from thermochronology and sedimentology. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 112-137.
Restrepo-Pace, P.A. 1992. Petrotectonic characterization of the Central Andean Terrane, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5(1): 97-116.
Reyes, I. 2001. Neotectónica del corredor industrial de Boyacá, Colombia. VIII Congreso Colombiano de Geología. Memorias. Manizales.
Rodríguez, D.M., Hernández, O., y Kammer, A. 2009. Modelo estructural de la Falla de Soapaga a partir de correlación espectral de anomalías gravimétricas y magnéticas en la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Boletín de Geología, 31(2): 35-50.
Royero, J.M., y Clavijo, J. 2001. Memoria Explicativa Mapa Geológico Generalizado Departamento de Santander, Escala 1: 400.00. INGEOMINAS, Bogotá.
Sarmiento, G. 1992. Estratigrafía y medios de depósito de la Formación Guaduas. Boletín Geológico, 32(1-3): 3-44.
Sarmiento-Rojas, L.F., Van Wess, J.D., and Cloetingh, S. 2006. Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4): 383-411.
Saylor, J.E., Horton, B.K., Nie, J., Corredor, J., and Mora, A. 2011. Evaluating foreland basin partitioning in the northern Andes using Cenozoic fill of the Floresta basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Basin Research, 23(4): 377-402.
Saylor, J.E., Horton, B.K., Stockli, D.F., Mora, A., and Corredor, J. 2012. Structural and thermochronological evidence for Paleogene basement-involved shortening in the axial Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 202-215.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., and Rivera, C. 2000. Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5): 787-813.
Tesón, E., Mora, A., Silva, A., Namson, J., Teixell, A., Castellanos, J., and Valencia, V. 2013. Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377(1): 257-283.
Thomas, W.A. 1990. Controls on locations of transverse zones in thrust belts. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83(3): 727-744.
Thomas, W.A., and Bayona, G. 2002. Palinspastic restoration of the Anniston transverse zone in the Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama. Journal of Structural Geology, 24(4): 797-826.
Toro, J. 1990. The termination of the Bucaramanga fault in the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. M.Sc. Thesis, The University of Arizona, Arizona. 60p.
Toro, J., Roure, F., Bordas-Le Floch, N., Le Cornec-Lance, S., and Sassi, W. 2004. Thermal and kinematic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera fold and thrust belt, Colombia. Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts. AAPG Hedberg Series, 1: 79-115.
Toro, A., y Osorio, J. 2005. Determinación de los tensores de esfuerzos actuales para el segmento norte de los Andes calculados a partir de mecanismos focales de sismos mayores. Boletín de Geología, 27(44): 14-24.
Ulloa, C., Guerra, A., y Escovar, R. 1998. Geología Plancha 172 - Paz de Río. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS. Bogotá.
Vargas, R., Arias, A., Jaramillo, L., y Téllez, N. 1987. Geología Plancha 152 - Soatá. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS. Bogotá.
Velandia, F. 2005. Interpretación de transcurrencia de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá a partir de imágenes Landsat TM. Boletín de Geología, 27(1): 81-94.
Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A. 2011. Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos, 125(3): 875-896.
Wilson, C.W., and Stearns, R.G. 1958. Structure of the Cumberland Plateau, tennessee. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 69(10): 1283-1296.
Alarcón, H., y Villar, A. 2016. Integración de datos estratigráficos y estructurales de las unidades Paleógenas presentes en el bloque yacente de la Falla de Soapaga. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga. 149p.
Bande, A., Horton, B.K., Ramírez, J.C., Mora, A., Parra, M., and Stockli, D.F. 2012. Clastic deposition, provenance, and sequence of Andean thrusting in the frontal Eastern Cordillera and Llanos foreland basin of Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124(1-2): 59-76.
Bayona, G., Cortés, M., Jaramillo, C., Ojeda, G., Aristizabal, J.J., and Reyes-Harker, A. 2008. An integrated analysis of an orogen–sedimentary basin pair: Latest Cretaceous–Cenozoic evolution of the linked Eastern Cordillera orogen and the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 120(9-10): 1171-1197.
Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Jaramillo, C., Mora, A., Montes, C., Caballero, V., Mahecha, H., Lamus, F., Montenegro, O., Jimenez, G., Mesa, A., and Valencia, V. 2013. Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377(1): 285-314.
Caballero, V., y Sierra, H. 1991. Estratigrafía del Cretácico en el Área de San Andrés, Santander. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga. 120p.
Colletta, B., Hebrard, F., Letouzey, J., Werner, P., and Rudkiewicz, J. 1990. Tectonic style and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: Letouzey, J. (Ed.). Petroleum and tectonics in mobile belts. Editions Technip. Paris, pp. 81-100.
Cook, B.S., and Thomas, W.A. 2009. Superposed lateral ramps in the Pell City thrust sheet, Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama. Journal of Structural Geology, 31(9): 941-949.
Cooper, M., Addison, F., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R., Hayward, A., Howe, S., Martínez, J., Naar, J., Peñas, R., Pulham, J., and Taborda, A. 1995. Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10): 1421-1443.
Dahlstrom, C.D. 1970. Structural geology in the eastern margin of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. CSPG Bulletin, 18(3): 332-406.
Dengo, C.A., and Covey, M.C. 1993. Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. AAPG Bulletin, 77(8): 1315-1337.
Dutch, S. 2000. Construct a Fold Cross-Section Using the Kink Method. University of Winconsin–GreenBay. Consultado el 15 de enero de 2016. https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/STRUCTGE/SL162KinkMethod.HTM
Fabre, A. 1985. Dinámica de la sedimentación Cretácica en la región de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia). En: Etayo-Serna, F., y Laverde-Montaño, F. (Eds.). Proyecto Cretácico, contribuciones. Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales, 16: pp. 1-20.
García, H., and Jiménez, G. 2016. Transverse zones controlling the structural evolution of the Zipaquira Anticline (Eastern Cordillera, Colombia): Regional implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 69: 243-258.
Guerrero, J., y Sarmiento, G. 1996. Estratigrafía física, palinológica, sedimentológica y secuencial del Cretácico Superior y Paleoceno del Piedemonte Llanero: Implicaciones en exploración petrolera. Geología Colombiana, 20: 3-66.
Harris, L.D. 1970. Details of thin-skinned tectonics in parts of Valley and Ridge and Cumberland Plateau provinces of the southern Appalachians. In: Fisher, G.W., Pettijohn, F.J., Reed, J.C., and Weaver, K.N. (Eds.). Studies of Appalachian Geology: Central and Southern. Interscience. New York, pp. 161-173.
Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Nie, J., Mora, A., Parra, M., Reyes-Harker, A., and Stockli, D.F. 2010. Linking sedimentation in the northern Andes to basement configuration, Mesozoic extension, and Cenozoic shortening: Evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb ages, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122(9-10): 1423-1442.
Jiménez, G., Rico, J., Bayona, G., Montes, C., Rosero, A., and Sierra, D. 2012. Analysis of curved folds and fault/fold terminations in the southern Upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 184-201.
Jiménez, G., Speranza, F., Faccenna, C., Bayona, G., and Mora, A. 2014. Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Evidence for oblique convergence and nonrotational reactivation of a Mesozoic intracontinental rift. Tectonics, 33(11): 2233-2260.
Kammer, A. 1996. Estructuras y deformaciones del borde oriental del Macizo de Floresta. Geología Colombiana, 21: 65-80.
Kammer, A. 1999. Observaciones acerca de un origen transpresivo de la Cordillera Oriental. Geología Colombiana, 24: 29-53.
Kammer, A., and Sánchez, J. 2006. Early Jurassic rift structures associated with the Soapaga and Boyacá faults of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia: Sedimentological inferences and regional implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4): 412-422.
Konstantinovskaya, E.A., Harris, L.B., Poulin, J., and Ivanov, G.M. 2007. Transfer zones and fault reactivation in inverted rift basins: Insights from physical modelling. Tectonophysics, 441(1-4): 1-26.
Kwon, S., and Mitra, G. 2012. An alternative interpretation for the map expression of “abrupt” changes in lateral stratigraphic level near transverse zones in fold-thrust belts. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(4): 401-406.
McCourt, W.J., Aspden, J.A., and Brook, M. 1984. New geological and geochronological data from the Colombian Andes: Continental growth by multiple accretion. Journal of the Geological Society, 141(5): 831-845.
Mitra, S. 2002. Fold-accommodation faults. AAPG Bulletin, 86(4): 671-694.
Mojica, J., y Villarroel, C. 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades Paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. Geología Colombiana, 13: 55-79.
Montes, L.A., Hernández, O., Kammer, A., Guerrero, J., Jaramillo, J.M., Escandón, C., Aguilera, R., Téllez, J., Alexander, G., Rodríguez, D.M., Medina, E., Piraquive, A., del Valle, A., and Cerón, M. 2008. Prospectivity of the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia. Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos, Colombia.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., and Stockli, D.F. 2010. Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum systems. AAPG Bulletin, 94(10): 1543-1580.
Pardo, A., y Jaramillo, C. 2014. Palinología y paleoambientes de los depósitos Paleógenos del sector central de la Cordillera Oriental Colombiana: 35 Millones de años de historia de la vegetación neotropical. Colombia Diversidad Biótica XI. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Ramirez-Arias, J. C., Mora, A., Rubiano, J., Duddy, I., Parra, M., Moreno, N. and Casallas, W. 2012. The asymmetric evolution of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Tectonic inheritance or climatic forcing? New evidence from thermochronology and sedimentology. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 112-137.
Restrepo-Pace, P.A. 1992. Petrotectonic characterization of the Central Andean Terrane, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5(1): 97-116.
Reyes, I. 2001. Neotectónica del corredor industrial de Boyacá, Colombia. VIII Congreso Colombiano de Geología. Memorias. Manizales.
Rodríguez, D.M., Hernández, O., y Kammer, A. 2009. Modelo estructural de la Falla de Soapaga a partir de correlación espectral de anomalías gravimétricas y magnéticas en la Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. Boletín de Geología, 31(2): 35-50.
Royero, J.M., y Clavijo, J. 2001. Memoria Explicativa Mapa Geológico Generalizado Departamento de Santander, Escala 1: 400.00. INGEOMINAS, Bogotá.
Sarmiento, G. 1992. Estratigrafía y medios de depósito de la Formación Guaduas. Boletín Geológico, 32(1-3): 3-44.
Sarmiento-Rojas, L.F., Van Wess, J.D., and Cloetingh, S. 2006. Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4): 383-411.
Saylor, J.E., Horton, B.K., Nie, J., Corredor, J., and Mora, A. 2011. Evaluating foreland basin partitioning in the northern Andes using Cenozoic fill of the Floresta basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Basin Research, 23(4): 377-402.
Saylor, J.E., Horton, B.K., Stockli, D.F., Mora, A., and Corredor, J. 2012. Structural and thermochronological evidence for Paleogene basement-involved shortening in the axial Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39: 202-215.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., and Rivera, C. 2000. Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5): 787-813.
Tesón, E., Mora, A., Silva, A., Namson, J., Teixell, A., Castellanos, J., and Valencia, V. 2013. Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377(1): 257-283.
Thomas, W.A. 1990. Controls on locations of transverse zones in thrust belts. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 83(3): 727-744.
Thomas, W.A., and Bayona, G. 2002. Palinspastic restoration of the Anniston transverse zone in the Appalachian thrust belt, Alabama. Journal of Structural Geology, 24(4): 797-826.
Toro, J. 1990. The termination of the Bucaramanga fault in the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. M.Sc. Thesis, The University of Arizona, Arizona. 60p.
Toro, J., Roure, F., Bordas-Le Floch, N., Le Cornec-Lance, S., and Sassi, W. 2004. Thermal and kinematic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera fold and thrust belt, Colombia. Deformation, fluid flow, and reservoir appraisal in foreland fold and thrust belts. AAPG Hedberg Series, 1: 79-115.
Toro, A., y Osorio, J. 2005. Determinación de los tensores de esfuerzos actuales para el segmento norte de los Andes calculados a partir de mecanismos focales de sismos mayores. Boletín de Geología, 27(44): 14-24.
Ulloa, C., Guerra, A., y Escovar, R. 1998. Geología Plancha 172 - Paz de Río. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS. Bogotá.
Vargas, R., Arias, A., Jaramillo, L., y Téllez, N. 1987. Geología Plancha 152 - Soatá. Escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS. Bogotá.
Velandia, F. 2005. Interpretación de transcurrencia de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá a partir de imágenes Landsat TM. Boletín de Geología, 27(1): 81-94.
Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A. 2011. Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos, 125(3): 875-896.
Wilson, C.W., and Stearns, R.G. 1958. Structure of the Cumberland Plateau, tennessee. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 69(10): 1283-1296.