Articles
The Villamaría-Termales Monogenetic Volcanic Field, Central Cordillera, colombian Andes (Part I): Morphological features and temporal relationships
Luis Alvaro Botero-Gómez- Pablo Osorio
- Hugo Murcia
- Carlos Borrero
- Jeny Alejandra Grajales
Published 2018-09-25
Keywords
- Morphometry,
- lava dome,
- lava flow,
- monogenetic volcanism,
- colombian Andes
How to Cite
Botero-Gómez, L. A., Osorio, P., Murcia, H., Borrero, C., & Grajales, J. A. (2018). The Villamaría-Termales Monogenetic Volcanic Field, Central Cordillera, colombian Andes (Part I): Morphological features and temporal relationships. Boletín De Geología, 40(3), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v40n3-2018005
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Abstract
The Villamaría-Termales Monogenetic Volcanic Field (VTMVF) is located in the middle of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. It is part of the San Diego - Cerro Machín Volcano Tectonic Province (SCVTP), and is related to the Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Complex (NRVC). The VTMVF is composed of at least 14 monogenetic volcanoes; 12 of them are conical and subconical (domes), one is massif (dome), and one is irregular (lava flow). Based on the morphometric and geomorphological analysis reported in this study, we define the VTMVF as a volcanic field affected by a variety of geomorphological and glacial processes. This field occupies an area of 114.5 km2, where the Villamaría-Termales fault system controlled the volcanic dispersion. These volcanic centers have an age range between 1.8 Ma and <38,000 years (Calabrian-Late Pleistocene). The morphometric analysis as volume and separation and grouping indexes allowed us to define the spatial relationship (i.e. distance between the volcanoes and their geoforms) between the volcanic centers that make up the VTMVF
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References
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Aydin, A., and DeGraff, J.M. (1988). Evoluton of polygonal fracture patterns in lava flows. Science, 239(4839), 471-476. doi: 10.1126/science.239.4839.471.
Borrero, C., Toro, L.M., Alvarán, M., and Castillo, H. (2009). Geochemistry and tectonic controls of the effusive activity related with the ancestral Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Geofísica Internacional, 48(1), 149-169.
Cañón-Tapia, E. (2016). Reappraisal of the significance of volcanic fields. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 310, 26-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.010.
Connor, C.B., and Conway, F.M. (2000). Basaltic volcanic fields. In: H. Sigurdsson, B. Houghton, S.R. McNutt, H. Rymer, and J. Stix (Ed.). The encyclopedia of volcanoes (pp. 423-439). 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier.
Cuellar, M., Sanchez, C., y Valencia, M. (2003). Caracterización petrográfica y deformativa de las rocas aflorantes en los alrededores de la falla San Jerónimo, al este del municipio de Manizales. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
DeGraff, J.M., and Aydin, A. (1987). Surface morphology of columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and direction of joint growth. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 605-617.
De Silva, S., and Lindsay, J.M. (2015). Primary volcanic landforms. In: H. Sigurdsson, B. Houghton, S.R. McNutt, H. Rymer, and J. Stix (Ed.). The encyclopedia of volcanoes (pp. 273-297). 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00015-8.
Favalli, M., Karátson D., Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M.T., and Boschi, E. (2009). Morphometry of scoria cones located on a volcano flank: A case study from Mt. Etna (Italy) based on highresolution LiDAR data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 186(3-4), 320-330. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.011.
Flórez, A. (1992). Los Nevados de Colombia glaciales y glaciaciones. Bogotá: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.
Gómez, J., Montes, N.E., Novia, A., y Diederix, H. (2015). Mapa Geológico de Colombia (2015). Escala, 1, 1000000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
González-Garcia, J., Hauser, J., Annetts, D., Franco, J., Vallejo, E., and Regenauer-Lieb, K. (2015). Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano (Colombia): a 3D model combining geological and geophysical information. World Geothermal Congress. Melbourne, Australia.
González-Garcia, J., and Jessell, M. (2016). A 3D geological model for the Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Massif (Colombia): Assessment of geological uncertainty using a stochastic approach based on Bézier curve design. Tectonophysics, 687, 139-157. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.011.
González, L., y Jaramillo, C.M. (2002). Estudio neotectónico multidisciplinario aplicado a la Falla Villamaría Termales. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales.
Grosse, P., van Wyk de Vries, B., Petrinovic, I.A., Euillades, P.A., and Alvarado, G.E. (2009). Morphometry and evolution of arc volcanoes. Geology, 37(7), 651-654. doi: 10.1130/G25734A.1.
Karátson, D., Favalli, M., Tarquini, S., Fornaciai, A., and Wörner, G. (2010). The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 193(3-4), 171-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.012.
Kereszturi, G., and Németh, K. (2012). Monogenetic basaltic volcanoes: Genetic classification, growth, geomorphology and degradation. In: K. Németh (Ed.). Updates in volcanology - new advances in understanding volcanic systems (pp 3-88). Auckland: InTech. doi: 10.5772/51387.
Leonard, G.S., Calvert, A.T., Hopkins, J.L., Wilson, C.J., Smid, E.R., Lindsay, J.M., and Champion, D.E. (2017). High-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of quaternary basalts from Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand, with implications for eruption rates and paleomagnetic correlations. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 343, 60-
74. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.033.
Le Corvec, N., Spörli, K.B., Rowland, J., and Lindsay, J. (2013). Spatial distribution and alignments of volcanic centers: clues to the formation of monogenetic volcanic fields. Earth-Science Reviews, 124, 96-114. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.005.
Londoño, J.M. (2016). Evidence of recent deep magmatic activity at Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín volcanic complex, central Colombia. Implications for future volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz Cerro Machín and other volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 324, 156-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.003.
Londoño, J.M., and Sudo, Y. (2003). Velocity structure and a seismic model for Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (Colombia). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 119(1), 61-87. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00306-2.
López, C. (2014). Modelo sismo-tectónico de los principales sistemas de fallas en el sector del volcán nevado del Ruiz y su relación con el sistema volcánico. Tesis MSc, Universidad de Caldas, Colombia.
Martínez, L., Valencia L., Ceballos, J., Narváez, B., Pulgarín, B., Correa, A., Navarro, S., Murcia, H., Zuluaga, I., Rueda, J., y Pardo, N. (2014). Geología y estratigrafía del Complejo Volcánico Nevado del Ruiz. Informe final, Bogotá – Manizales – Popayán. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. 853p.
Marti, J., López, C., Bartolini, S., Becerril, L., and Geyer, A. (2016). Stress controls of monogenetic volcanism: a review. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4, 106, 1-17. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00106.
Mejía, V., Sánchez-Duque, A., Opdyke, N., Huang, K., Rosales, A., and Agudelo, C. (2011). Volcano-Tectonic implications for the Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Complex based on paleomagnetic data. Biennial Meeting of LATINMAG (Latin - American Association of Paleomagnetism and Geomagnetism), Tandil, Argentina.
Mejía, E.L., Velandia, F., Zuluaga, C.A., López, J.A., y Cramer, T. (2012). Análisis estructural al noreste del volcán Nevado del Ruíz, Colombia–aporte a la exploración geotérmica. Boletín de Geología, 34(1), 27-41.
Miallier, D., Pilleyre, T., Boivin, P., Labazuy, P., Gailler, L.S., and Rico, J. (2017). Grand Sarcoui volcano (Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central, France), a case study for monogenetic trachytic lava domes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 345, 125-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.015.
Montoya, A., y Torres, A.H. (2005). Cartografía, análisis metalográfico y petrográfico de los pórfidos ubicados al este del municipio de Manizales, sector de Gallinazo. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
Murcia, H.F., Borrero, C.A., Pardo, N., Alvarado, G.E., Arnosio, M., y Scolamacchia, T. (2013). Depósitos volcaniclásticos: Términos y conceptos para una clasificación en español. Revista Geológica de América Central, 48, 15-39.
Murcia, H., Borrero, C., and Németh, K. (in press). Overview and plumbing system implications of monogenetic volcanism in the northernmost Andes' volcanic province. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.06.013.
Naranjo, J.L., y Ríos, P.A. (1989). Geología de Manizales y sus alrededores y su influencia en los riesgos geológicos. Manizales: Universidad de Caldas, 10(1-3). 112p.
Németh, K. (2010). Monogenetic volcanic fields: Origin, sedimentary record, and relationship with polygenetic volcanism. In: E. Cañón-Tapia, and A. Szakács (Ed.). What is a volcano? (pp. 43-66). nBoulder: Geological Society of America. Vol. 470. doi: 10.1130/2010.2470(04).
Porter, S. (1972). Distribution, morphology and size frequency of cinder cones on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(12), 3607-3612.
Rayo, L. (2012). Evolución geoquímica y térmica del volcán Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia. M.Sc. Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Samacá-Torres, W. (2016). Análisis morfométrico y Geomorfológico de la Caldera de Paletará (Cauca), Colombia. Tesis M.Sc., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Schaefer, S.J. (1995). Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia: magmatic system and evolution. Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University, USA.
Settle, M. (1979). The structure and emplacement of cinder cone fields. American Journal of Science, 279, 1089-1107. doi: 10.2475/ajs.279.10.1089
Shane, P., and Coote, A. (2018). Thermobarometry of Whangarei volcanic field lavas, New Zealand: Constraints on plumbing systems of small monogenetic basalt volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 354, 130-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.02.013.
Stix, J., Layne, G.D., and Williams, S.N. (2003). Mechanisms of degassing at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Journal of the Geological Society, 160(4), 507-521.
Thouret, J.C., Cantagrel, J.M., Salinas, R., and Murcia, A. (1990). Quaternary eruptive history of Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 41(1-4), 225-251. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90090-3.
Thouret, J.C., Vatin-Perignon, N., Cantagrel, J.M., Salinas, R., and Murcia, A. (1985). Le Nevado el Ruiz (Cordillère Centrale des Andes de Colombie): Stratigraphie, structures et dynamisme d’un appareil volcanique andésitique, compose et polygénique. Revue de Geographie Physique et de Geologie Dynamique, 26, 257-271.
Tibaldi, A. (2015). Structure of volcano plumbing systems: A review of multi-parametric effects. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 298, 85-135.
Toro, L.M., Alvarán-Echeverri, M., y Borrero-Peña, C.A. (2008). Rocas con afinidad adakítica al sur-este de Manizales: rasgos petrogenéticos y geoquímicos. Boletín de Geología, 30(2), 49-60.
Villagómez, D., and Spikings, R. (2013). Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous–Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160-161, 228-249. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.12.008.
Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A. (2011). Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos, 125(3-4), 875-896. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.003.
Wood, C.A. (1980). Morphometric evolution of cinder cones. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7(3-4), 387-413. doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(80)90040-2.
Ancochea, E., Naranjo, J.L., Fuster, J.M., y Borrero, C. (1991). Geoquímica de las lavas antiguas del Volcán del Ruiz (Colombia), Sector Noroccidental. Simposio sobre Magmatismo Andino y su Marco Tectónico. Manizales, Colombia. Memorias Tomo I: 65-79.
Ayala, L. (2009). Petrografía y modelo vulcanológico del volcán Nevado del Ruiz, etapa ancestral. Tesis. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
Aydin, A., and DeGraff, J.M. (1988). Evoluton of polygonal fracture patterns in lava flows. Science, 239(4839), 471-476. doi: 10.1126/science.239.4839.471.
Borrero, C., Toro, L.M., Alvarán, M., and Castillo, H. (2009). Geochemistry and tectonic controls of the effusive activity related with the ancestral Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Geofísica Internacional, 48(1), 149-169.
Cañón-Tapia, E. (2016). Reappraisal of the significance of volcanic fields. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 310, 26-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.11.010.
Connor, C.B., and Conway, F.M. (2000). Basaltic volcanic fields. In: H. Sigurdsson, B. Houghton, S.R. McNutt, H. Rymer, and J. Stix (Ed.). The encyclopedia of volcanoes (pp. 423-439). 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier.
Cuellar, M., Sanchez, C., y Valencia, M. (2003). Caracterización petrográfica y deformativa de las rocas aflorantes en los alrededores de la falla San Jerónimo, al este del municipio de Manizales. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
DeGraff, J.M., and Aydin, A. (1987). Surface morphology of columnar joints and its significance to mechanics and direction of joint growth. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99, 605-617.
De Silva, S., and Lindsay, J.M. (2015). Primary volcanic landforms. In: H. Sigurdsson, B. Houghton, S.R. McNutt, H. Rymer, and J. Stix (Ed.). The encyclopedia of volcanoes (pp. 273-297). 2nd edition. San Diego: Academic Press, Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00015-8.
Favalli, M., Karátson D., Mazzarini, F., Pareschi, M.T., and Boschi, E. (2009). Morphometry of scoria cones located on a volcano flank: A case study from Mt. Etna (Italy) based on highresolution LiDAR data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 186(3-4), 320-330. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.011.
Flórez, A. (1992). Los Nevados de Colombia glaciales y glaciaciones. Bogotá: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.
Gómez, J., Montes, N.E., Novia, A., y Diederix, H. (2015). Mapa Geológico de Colombia (2015). Escala, 1, 1000000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
González-Garcia, J., Hauser, J., Annetts, D., Franco, J., Vallejo, E., and Regenauer-Lieb, K. (2015). Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano (Colombia): a 3D model combining geological and geophysical information. World Geothermal Congress. Melbourne, Australia.
González-Garcia, J., and Jessell, M. (2016). A 3D geological model for the Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Massif (Colombia): Assessment of geological uncertainty using a stochastic approach based on Bézier curve design. Tectonophysics, 687, 139-157. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.011.
González, L., y Jaramillo, C.M. (2002). Estudio neotectónico multidisciplinario aplicado a la Falla Villamaría Termales. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales.
Grosse, P., van Wyk de Vries, B., Petrinovic, I.A., Euillades, P.A., and Alvarado, G.E. (2009). Morphometry and evolution of arc volcanoes. Geology, 37(7), 651-654. doi: 10.1130/G25734A.1.
Karátson, D., Favalli, M., Tarquini, S., Fornaciai, A., and Wörner, G. (2010). The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 193(3-4), 171-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.012.
Kereszturi, G., and Németh, K. (2012). Monogenetic basaltic volcanoes: Genetic classification, growth, geomorphology and degradation. In: K. Németh (Ed.). Updates in volcanology - new advances in understanding volcanic systems (pp 3-88). Auckland: InTech. doi: 10.5772/51387.
Leonard, G.S., Calvert, A.T., Hopkins, J.L., Wilson, C.J., Smid, E.R., Lindsay, J.M., and Champion, D.E. (2017). High-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of quaternary basalts from Auckland volcanic field, New Zealand, with implications for eruption rates and paleomagnetic correlations. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 343, 60-
74. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.033.
Le Corvec, N., Spörli, K.B., Rowland, J., and Lindsay, J. (2013). Spatial distribution and alignments of volcanic centers: clues to the formation of monogenetic volcanic fields. Earth-Science Reviews, 124, 96-114. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.005.
Londoño, J.M. (2016). Evidence of recent deep magmatic activity at Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín volcanic complex, central Colombia. Implications for future volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz Cerro Machín and other volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 324, 156-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.06.003.
Londoño, J.M., and Sudo, Y. (2003). Velocity structure and a seismic model for Nevado del Ruiz Volcano (Colombia). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 119(1), 61-87. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00306-2.
López, C. (2014). Modelo sismo-tectónico de los principales sistemas de fallas en el sector del volcán nevado del Ruiz y su relación con el sistema volcánico. Tesis MSc, Universidad de Caldas, Colombia.
Martínez, L., Valencia L., Ceballos, J., Narváez, B., Pulgarín, B., Correa, A., Navarro, S., Murcia, H., Zuluaga, I., Rueda, J., y Pardo, N. (2014). Geología y estratigrafía del Complejo Volcánico Nevado del Ruiz. Informe final, Bogotá – Manizales – Popayán. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. 853p.
Marti, J., López, C., Bartolini, S., Becerril, L., and Geyer, A. (2016). Stress controls of monogenetic volcanism: a review. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4, 106, 1-17. doi: 10.3389/feart.2016.00106.
Mejía, V., Sánchez-Duque, A., Opdyke, N., Huang, K., Rosales, A., and Agudelo, C. (2011). Volcano-Tectonic implications for the Ruiz-Tolima Volcanic Complex based on paleomagnetic data. Biennial Meeting of LATINMAG (Latin - American Association of Paleomagnetism and Geomagnetism), Tandil, Argentina.
Mejía, E.L., Velandia, F., Zuluaga, C.A., López, J.A., y Cramer, T. (2012). Análisis estructural al noreste del volcán Nevado del Ruíz, Colombia–aporte a la exploración geotérmica. Boletín de Geología, 34(1), 27-41.
Miallier, D., Pilleyre, T., Boivin, P., Labazuy, P., Gailler, L.S., and Rico, J. (2017). Grand Sarcoui volcano (Chaîne des Puys, Massif Central, France), a case study for monogenetic trachytic lava domes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 345, 125-141. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.07.015.
Montoya, A., y Torres, A.H. (2005). Cartografía, análisis metalográfico y petrográfico de los pórfidos ubicados al este del municipio de Manizales, sector de Gallinazo. Tesis, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Programa de Geología, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.
Murcia, H.F., Borrero, C.A., Pardo, N., Alvarado, G.E., Arnosio, M., y Scolamacchia, T. (2013). Depósitos volcaniclásticos: Términos y conceptos para una clasificación en español. Revista Geológica de América Central, 48, 15-39.
Murcia, H., Borrero, C., and Németh, K. (in press). Overview and plumbing system implications of monogenetic volcanism in the northernmost Andes' volcanic province. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.06.013.
Naranjo, J.L., y Ríos, P.A. (1989). Geología de Manizales y sus alrededores y su influencia en los riesgos geológicos. Manizales: Universidad de Caldas, 10(1-3). 112p.
Németh, K. (2010). Monogenetic volcanic fields: Origin, sedimentary record, and relationship with polygenetic volcanism. In: E. Cañón-Tapia, and A. Szakács (Ed.). What is a volcano? (pp. 43-66). nBoulder: Geological Society of America. Vol. 470. doi: 10.1130/2010.2470(04).
Porter, S. (1972). Distribution, morphology and size frequency of cinder cones on Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83(12), 3607-3612.
Rayo, L. (2012). Evolución geoquímica y térmica del volcán Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia. M.Sc. Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Samacá-Torres, W. (2016). Análisis morfométrico y Geomorfológico de la Caldera de Paletará (Cauca), Colombia. Tesis M.Sc., Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Schaefer, S.J. (1995). Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia: magmatic system and evolution. Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University, USA.
Settle, M. (1979). The structure and emplacement of cinder cone fields. American Journal of Science, 279, 1089-1107. doi: 10.2475/ajs.279.10.1089
Shane, P., and Coote, A. (2018). Thermobarometry of Whangarei volcanic field lavas, New Zealand: Constraints on plumbing systems of small monogenetic basalt volcanoes. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 354, 130-139. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.02.013.
Stix, J., Layne, G.D., and Williams, S.N. (2003). Mechanisms of degassing at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Journal of the Geological Society, 160(4), 507-521.
Thouret, J.C., Cantagrel, J.M., Salinas, R., and Murcia, A. (1990). Quaternary eruptive history of Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 41(1-4), 225-251. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90090-3.
Thouret, J.C., Vatin-Perignon, N., Cantagrel, J.M., Salinas, R., and Murcia, A. (1985). Le Nevado el Ruiz (Cordillère Centrale des Andes de Colombie): Stratigraphie, structures et dynamisme d’un appareil volcanique andésitique, compose et polygénique. Revue de Geographie Physique et de Geologie Dynamique, 26, 257-271.
Tibaldi, A. (2015). Structure of volcano plumbing systems: A review of multi-parametric effects. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 298, 85-135.
Toro, L.M., Alvarán-Echeverri, M., y Borrero-Peña, C.A. (2008). Rocas con afinidad adakítica al sur-este de Manizales: rasgos petrogenéticos y geoquímicos. Boletín de Geología, 30(2), 49-60.
Villagómez, D., and Spikings, R. (2013). Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous–Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160-161, 228-249. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2012.12.008.
Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A. (2011). Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central Cordilleras of Colombia. Lithos, 125(3-4), 875-896. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2011.05.003.
Wood, C.A. (1980). Morphometric evolution of cinder cones. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 7(3-4), 387-413. doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(80)90040-2.