Articles
Structural analysis of the Bogotá Anticline, Colombian Eastern Cordillera: Implications on deformational styles of the Llanos Foothills
Daniel Barrera- Andrés Mora
- Eliseo Tesón
Published 2019-09-30
Keywords
- Eastern Cordillera,
- detachment folds,
- Llanos foothills,
- Andean orogeny
How to Cite
Barrera, D., Mora, A., & Tesón, E. (2019). Structural analysis of the Bogotá Anticline, Colombian Eastern Cordillera: Implications on deformational styles of the Llanos Foothills. Boletín De Geología, 41(3), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v41n3-2019001
Altmetrics
Abstract
In this study we describe and discuss a structural analysis of the Bogotá Anticline, based on the creation of a new geological map and structural cross sections, to propose a model of evolution for the folding. The Bogotá Anticline is a complex geological structure with important variations in vergence and geometry over very short distances. Because of that, its formation was previously associated with gravitational collapses. The Bogotá Anticline is located in the Bogotá Plateau, which is part of the axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. We propose that this fold displays a lateral variation that evidence different stages of deformation of a faulted detachment fold with a detachment horizon located in the Chipaque Formation. A proposed thrust fault located to the east of the structure could generate the necessary shortening for the formation of this fold. The proposed model may serve as an analogue in an earlier less deformed state for the folds observed in similar rocks of the Llanos foothills.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Babault, J., Teixell, A., Struth, L., Van Den Driessche, J., Arboleya, M., and Tesón, E. (2013). Shortening, structural relief and drainage evolution in inverted rifts: insights from the Atlas Mountains, the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the Pyrenees. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 377, 141-158.
Buxtorf, A. (1916). Prognosen und befunde beim Hauenstembasisund Grenchenbergtunnel und die Bedeutung der letzeren fur die geologie des Juragebirges. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 27, 184-205. doi: 10.5169/seals-171852.
Caballero, V., Parra, M., Mora, A., Lopez, C., Rojas, L., and Quintero, I. (2013). Factors controlling selective abandonment and reactivation in thick-skin orogens: a case study in the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 343-367. doi: 10.1144/SP377.4.
Carrillo, E., Mora, A., Ketcham, R., Amorocho, R., Parra, M., Costantino, D., Robles, W., Avellaneda, W., Carvajal, J.S., Corcione, M.F., Bello, W., Figueroa, J.D., Gómez, J.F., González, J.L., Quandt, D., Reyes, M., Rangel, A.M., Román, I., Pelayo, Y., and Porras, J. (2016). Movement vectors and deformation mechanisms in kinematic restorations: A case study from the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Interpretation, 4(1), T31-T48. doi: 10.1190/INT-2015-0049.1.
Chamberlin, R.T. (1910). The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania. The Journal of Geology, 18(3), 228-251. doi: 10.1086/621722.
Colletta, B., Hebrard, F., Letouzey, J., Werner, P., and Rudkiewicz, J.L. (1990). Tectonic style and crustal structure of the eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: J. Letouzey (ed.). Petroleum and tectonics in mobile belts (pp. 81-100). Paris: Editions Technip.
Cooper, M.A., Addison, F.T., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R.H., Hayward, A.B., Howe, S., Martinez, J., Naar, J., Peñas, R., Pulham, A.J., and Taborda, A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10), 1421-1442.
Cortés, M., Colletta, B., and Angelier, J. (2006). Structure and tectonics of the central segment of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 437-465. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.004.
Currie, J.B., Patnode, H.W., and Trump, R.P. (1962). Developments of folds in sedimentary strata. GSA Bulletin, 73(6), 655-673. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[655:DOFISS]2.0.CO;2.
Davis, D.M., and Engelder, T. (1985). The role of salt in fold-and-thrust belts. Tectonophysics, 119(1-4), 67-88. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90033-2.
De la Parra, F., Mora, A., Rueda, M., and Quintero, I. (2015). Temporal and spatial distribution of tectonic events as deduced from reworked palynomorphs in the eastern northern Andes. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1455-1472. doi: 10.1306/02241511153.
Dengo, C., and Covey, M.C. (1993). Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. AAPG Bulletin, 77(8), 1315-1337.
Epard, J.L., and Groshong Jr, R.H. (1995). Kinematic model of detachment folding including limb rotation, fied hinges, and layer-parallel strain. Tectonophysics, 247(1-4), 85-103. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)00266-C
Farris, D.W., Jaramillo, C., Bayona, G., Restrepo-Moreno, S.A., Montes, C., Cardona, A., Mora, A., Speakman, R.J., Glascock, M.D., and Valencia, V. (2011). Fracturing the Panamanian Isthmus during initial collision with South America. Geology,39(11), 1007-1010. doi: 10.1130/G32237.1.
García, H., y Jiménez, G. (2016). Análisis estructural del Anticlinal de Zipaquirá (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia). Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 39, 21-32. doi: 10.15446/rbct.n39.50333.
Harrison, J.C., and Bally, A.W. (1988). Cross-section of the Parry Island fold belt on Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Islands; implications for the timing and kinematic history of some thin-skinned decollement systems. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 36(3), 311-332.
Hermeston, S., and Nemčok, M. (2013). Thick-skin orogen–foreland interactions and their controlling factors, Northern Andes of Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 443-471.
Homza, T.X., and Wallace, K.W. (1995). Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detachment depths. Journal of Structural Geology, 17(4), 575-588. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(94)00077-D.
Hull, C.E., and Warman, H.R. (1970). Asmari oil fields of Iran. In: M.T. Halbouty (ed.). Geology of giant petroleum fields (pp. 428-437). AAPG Memoir, 14.
Jamison, W.J. (1987). Geometric analysis of fold development in overthrust terranes. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(2), 207-219. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(87)90026-5.
Jimenez, L., Mora, A., Casallas, W., Silva, A., Tesón, E., Tamara, J., Namson, J., Higuera-Díaz, C., Lasso, A., and Stockli, D. (2013). Segmentation and growth of foothill thrust-belts adjacent to inverted grabens: the case of the Colombian Llanos foothills. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 377, 189-220. doi: 10.1144/SP377.11.
Julivert, M. (1963). Los rasgos tectónicos de la región de la Sabana de Bogotá y los mecanismos de formación de las estructuras. Boletín de Geología, 13-14, 5-102.
Julivert, M. (1970). Cover and basement tectonics in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, South America, and a comparison with some other folded chains. GSA Bulletin, 81(12), 3623-3646.
Kammer, A. (1996). Estructuras y deformaciones del borde oriental del Macizo de Floresta. Geología Colombiana, 21, 65-80.
Kammer, A. (1997). Los pliegues del sinclinal de Tunja. Análisis estructural y modelamiento geométrico. Geología Colombiana, 22, 3-25.
Kammer, A., and Mora, A. (1999). Structural style and amount of shortening of the folded Bogotá segment, Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Zentralblatt fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie, Teil I, 823-838.
Martinez, J.A. (2006). Structural evolution of the Llanos Foothills, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 510-520. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.010.
McLaughlin, Jr. D.H. (1972). Evaporite deposits of Bogotá area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 56(11), 2240-2259. doi: 10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Mitra, S. (2002). Structural models of faulted detachment folds. AAPG Bulletin, 86(9), 1673-1694. doi: 10.1306/61EEDD3C-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Mitra, S. (2003). A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(10), 1659-1673. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00198-0.
Mora, A., y Kammer, A., (1999). Comparación de los estilos estructurales en la sección entre Bogotá y los Farallones de Medina, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Geología Colombiana, 24, 55-83.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Kammer, A., Dimaté, C., and Rodríguez, F. (2006). Cenozoic contractional reactivation of Mesozoic extensional structures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Tectonics, 25(2). doi: 10.1029/2005TC001854.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Torres, V., and Vallejo-Jaramillo, J. (2008). Climatic forcing of asymmetric orogenic evolution in the eastern Cordillera of Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 120(7-8), 930-949. doi: 10.1130/B26186.1.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Zeilinger, G., Jaramillo, C., Da Silva, S., and Blanco, M. (2010a). The eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: An example of multiple factors controlling structural styles and active tectonics. GSA Bulletin, 122(11-12), 1846-1864. doi: 10.1130/B30033.1.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., Blanco, V., García, D., and Stockli, D. (2010b). Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum Systems. AAPG Bulletin, 94(10), 1543-1580. doi: 10.1306/01051009111.
Mora, A., Reyes-Harker, A., Rodriguez, G., Tesón, E., Ramirez-Arias, J.C., Parra, M., Caballero, V., Mora, J.P., Quintero, I., Valencia, V., Ibañez, M., Horton, B.K., and Stockli, D.F. (2013a). Inversion tectonics under increasing rates of shortening and sedimentation: Cenozoic example from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 411-442. doi: 10.1144/SP377.6.
Mora, A., Blanco, V., Naranjo, J., Sanchez, N., Ketcham, R.A., Rubiano, J., Stockli, D.F., Quintero, I., Nemčok, M., Horton, B.K., and Davila, H. (2013b). On the lag time between internal strain and basement involved thrust induced exhumation: The case of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 52, 96-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2013.04.001.
Mora, A., Ketcham, R.A., Higuera-Diaz, I.C., Bookhagen, B., Jimenez, L., and Rubiano, J. (2014). Formation of passive-roof duplexes in the Colombian Subandes and Perú. Lithosphere, 6(6), 456-472. doi: 10.1130/L340.1.
Mora, A., Tesón, E., Martínez, J., Parra, M., Lasso, A., Horton, B.K., Ketcham, R.A., Velásquez, A., and Arias-Martínez, J.P. (in press). The Eastern Foothills of Colombia. In: J. Gómez-Tapias, D. Mateus-Zabala (eds.). The Geology of Colombia (pp. 95-117). vol. 3, chapter 5. Bogotá: Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
Moreno, N., Silva, A., Mora, A., Tesón, E., Quintero, I., Rojas, L., Lopez, C., Blanco, V., Castellanos, J., Sanchez, J., Osorio, L., Namson, J., Stockli, D., and Casallas, W. (2013). Interaction between thin- and thick-skinned tectonics in the foothill areas of an inverted graben. The Middle Magdalena Foothill belt. Geological Society, London, Special
Publications, 377, 221-255. doi: 10.1144/SP377.18.
Namson, J.S., and Wallace, W.K. (1986). A structural transect across northeastern the Brooks Range, Alaska. Geology Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 16, 163.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Sobel, E.R., Strecker, M.R., and González, R. (2009a). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constraints from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4). doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Jaramillo, C., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Quiroz, L., Rueda, M., and Torres, V. (2009b). Orogenic wedge advance in the northern Andes: Evidence from the Oligocene-Miocene sedimentary record of the Medina Basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 121(5-6), 780-800. doi: 10.1130/B26257.1.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Lopez, C., Rojas, L.E., and Horton, B.K. (2012). Detecting earliest shortening and deformation advance in thrust belt hinterlands: example from the Colombian Andes. Geology, 40(2), 175-178. doi: 10.1130/G32519.1.
Pérez, G., y Salazar, A. (1973). Estratigrafía y facies del grupo Guadalupe. Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
Reyes-Harker, A., Ruiz-Valdivieso, C.F., Mora, A., Ramírez-Arias, J.C., Rodriguez, G., De La Parra, F., Caballero, V., Parra, M., Moreno, N., Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Silva, A., Valencia, V., Stockli, D., and Blanco, V. (2015). Cenozoic paleogeography of the Andean foreland and retroarc hinterland of Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1407-1453. doi: 10.1306/06181411110
Rowan, M.G., Lawton, T.F., Giles, K.A., and Ratliff, R.A. (2003). Near-salt deformation in La Popa Basin, Mexico, and the northern Gulf of Mexico: A general model for passive diapirism. AAPG Bulletin, 87(5), 733-756.
Royse, F. (1996). Detachment fold train, Reed Wash area, west flnk San Rafael swell, Utah: An example of limb lengthening, roll-through folding process on the eastern margin of the Sevier thrust belt. The Mountain geologist, 33, 45-64.
Sánchez, J., Horton, B.K., Tesón, E., Mora, A., Ketcham, R.A., and Stockli, D.F. (2012). Kinematic evolution of Andean fold-thrust structures along the boundary between the Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia. Tectonics, 31(3). doi: 10.1029/2011TC003089.
Suppe, J. (1983). Geometry and kinematics of Fault-bend Folding. American Journal of Science, 283, 684-721.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L.A., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., and Rivera, C. (2000). Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5), 787-813. doi: 10.1029/2000TC900004.
Támara, J., Mora, A., Robles, W., Kammer, A., Ortiz, A., Sanchez-Villar, N., Piraquive, A., Rueda, L.H., Casallas, W., Castellanos, J., Montaña, J., Parra, L.G., Corredor, J., Ramirez, A., Zambrano, E. (2015). Fractured reservoirs in the Eastern Foothills, Colombia, and their relationship with fold kinematics. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1599-1633. doi: 10.1306/09291411109.
Teixell, A., Tesón, E., Ruiz, J.C., and Mora, A. (2015). The structure of an inverted back-arc rift: Insights from a transect across the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia near Bogota. In: C. Bartolini, P. Mann (eds.). Petroleum geology and potential of the Colombian Caribbean Margin (pp. 499-515). AAPG Memoir, 108.
Tesón, E., Mora, A., Silva, A., Namson, J., Teixell, A., Castellanos, J., Casallas, W., Julivert, M., Taylor, M., Ibañez-Mejia, M., and Valencia, V. (2013). Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 377, 257-283. doi: 10.1144/SP377.10.
Wiltschko, D.V., and Chapple, W.M. (1977). Flow of weak rocks in Appalachian Plateau Folds. AAPG Bulletin, 61(5), 653-670.
Buxtorf, A. (1916). Prognosen und befunde beim Hauenstembasisund Grenchenbergtunnel und die Bedeutung der letzeren fur die geologie des Juragebirges. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 27, 184-205. doi: 10.5169/seals-171852.
Caballero, V., Parra, M., Mora, A., Lopez, C., Rojas, L., and Quintero, I. (2013). Factors controlling selective abandonment and reactivation in thick-skin orogens: a case study in the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 343-367. doi: 10.1144/SP377.4.
Carrillo, E., Mora, A., Ketcham, R., Amorocho, R., Parra, M., Costantino, D., Robles, W., Avellaneda, W., Carvajal, J.S., Corcione, M.F., Bello, W., Figueroa, J.D., Gómez, J.F., González, J.L., Quandt, D., Reyes, M., Rangel, A.M., Román, I., Pelayo, Y., and Porras, J. (2016). Movement vectors and deformation mechanisms in kinematic restorations: A case study from the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Interpretation, 4(1), T31-T48. doi: 10.1190/INT-2015-0049.1.
Chamberlin, R.T. (1910). The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania. The Journal of Geology, 18(3), 228-251. doi: 10.1086/621722.
Colletta, B., Hebrard, F., Letouzey, J., Werner, P., and Rudkiewicz, J.L. (1990). Tectonic style and crustal structure of the eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: J. Letouzey (ed.). Petroleum and tectonics in mobile belts (pp. 81-100). Paris: Editions Technip.
Cooper, M.A., Addison, F.T., Alvarez, R., Coral, M., Graham, R.H., Hayward, A.B., Howe, S., Martinez, J., Naar, J., Peñas, R., Pulham, A.J., and Taborda, A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10), 1421-1442.
Cortés, M., Colletta, B., and Angelier, J. (2006). Structure and tectonics of the central segment of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 437-465. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.004.
Currie, J.B., Patnode, H.W., and Trump, R.P. (1962). Developments of folds in sedimentary strata. GSA Bulletin, 73(6), 655-673. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[655:DOFISS]2.0.CO;2.
Davis, D.M., and Engelder, T. (1985). The role of salt in fold-and-thrust belts. Tectonophysics, 119(1-4), 67-88. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(85)90033-2.
De la Parra, F., Mora, A., Rueda, M., and Quintero, I. (2015). Temporal and spatial distribution of tectonic events as deduced from reworked palynomorphs in the eastern northern Andes. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1455-1472. doi: 10.1306/02241511153.
Dengo, C., and Covey, M.C. (1993). Structure of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Implications for trap styles and regional tectonics. AAPG Bulletin, 77(8), 1315-1337.
Epard, J.L., and Groshong Jr, R.H. (1995). Kinematic model of detachment folding including limb rotation, fied hinges, and layer-parallel strain. Tectonophysics, 247(1-4), 85-103. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(94)00266-C
Farris, D.W., Jaramillo, C., Bayona, G., Restrepo-Moreno, S.A., Montes, C., Cardona, A., Mora, A., Speakman, R.J., Glascock, M.D., and Valencia, V. (2011). Fracturing the Panamanian Isthmus during initial collision with South America. Geology,39(11), 1007-1010. doi: 10.1130/G32237.1.
García, H., y Jiménez, G. (2016). Análisis estructural del Anticlinal de Zipaquirá (Cordillera Oriental, Colombia). Boletín de Ciencias de la Tierra, 39, 21-32. doi: 10.15446/rbct.n39.50333.
Harrison, J.C., and Bally, A.W. (1988). Cross-section of the Parry Island fold belt on Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Islands; implications for the timing and kinematic history of some thin-skinned decollement systems. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 36(3), 311-332.
Hermeston, S., and Nemčok, M. (2013). Thick-skin orogen–foreland interactions and their controlling factors, Northern Andes of Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 443-471.
Homza, T.X., and Wallace, K.W. (1995). Geometric and kinematic models for detachment folds with fixed and variable detachment depths. Journal of Structural Geology, 17(4), 575-588. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(94)00077-D.
Hull, C.E., and Warman, H.R. (1970). Asmari oil fields of Iran. In: M.T. Halbouty (ed.). Geology of giant petroleum fields (pp. 428-437). AAPG Memoir, 14.
Jamison, W.J. (1987). Geometric analysis of fold development in overthrust terranes. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(2), 207-219. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(87)90026-5.
Jimenez, L., Mora, A., Casallas, W., Silva, A., Tesón, E., Tamara, J., Namson, J., Higuera-Díaz, C., Lasso, A., and Stockli, D. (2013). Segmentation and growth of foothill thrust-belts adjacent to inverted grabens: the case of the Colombian Llanos foothills. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 377, 189-220. doi: 10.1144/SP377.11.
Julivert, M. (1963). Los rasgos tectónicos de la región de la Sabana de Bogotá y los mecanismos de formación de las estructuras. Boletín de Geología, 13-14, 5-102.
Julivert, M. (1970). Cover and basement tectonics in the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, South America, and a comparison with some other folded chains. GSA Bulletin, 81(12), 3623-3646.
Kammer, A. (1996). Estructuras y deformaciones del borde oriental del Macizo de Floresta. Geología Colombiana, 21, 65-80.
Kammer, A. (1997). Los pliegues del sinclinal de Tunja. Análisis estructural y modelamiento geométrico. Geología Colombiana, 22, 3-25.
Kammer, A., and Mora, A. (1999). Structural style and amount of shortening of the folded Bogotá segment, Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Zentralblatt fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie, Teil I, 823-838.
Martinez, J.A. (2006). Structural evolution of the Llanos Foothills, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 510-520. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.010.
McLaughlin, Jr. D.H. (1972). Evaporite deposits of Bogotá area, Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 56(11), 2240-2259. doi: 10.1306/819A41FE-16C5-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Mitra, S. (2002). Structural models of faulted detachment folds. AAPG Bulletin, 86(9), 1673-1694. doi: 10.1306/61EEDD3C-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Mitra, S. (2003). A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology, 25(10), 1659-1673. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00198-0.
Mora, A., y Kammer, A., (1999). Comparación de los estilos estructurales en la sección entre Bogotá y los Farallones de Medina, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Geología Colombiana, 24, 55-83.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Kammer, A., Dimaté, C., and Rodríguez, F. (2006). Cenozoic contractional reactivation of Mesozoic extensional structures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Tectonics, 25(2). doi: 10.1029/2005TC001854.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Hooghiemstra, H., Torres, V., and Vallejo-Jaramillo, J. (2008). Climatic forcing of asymmetric orogenic evolution in the eastern Cordillera of Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 120(7-8), 930-949. doi: 10.1130/B26186.1.
Mora, A., Parra, M., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Zeilinger, G., Jaramillo, C., Da Silva, S., and Blanco, M. (2010a). The eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: An example of multiple factors controlling structural styles and active tectonics. GSA Bulletin, 122(11-12), 1846-1864. doi: 10.1130/B30033.1.
Mora, A., Horton, B.K., Mesa, A., Rubiano, J., Ketcham, R.A., Parra, M., Blanco, V., García, D., and Stockli, D. (2010b). Migration of Cenozoic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia interpreted from fission track results and structural relationships: Implications for petroleum Systems. AAPG Bulletin, 94(10), 1543-1580. doi: 10.1306/01051009111.
Mora, A., Reyes-Harker, A., Rodriguez, G., Tesón, E., Ramirez-Arias, J.C., Parra, M., Caballero, V., Mora, J.P., Quintero, I., Valencia, V., Ibañez, M., Horton, B.K., and Stockli, D.F. (2013a). Inversion tectonics under increasing rates of shortening and sedimentation: Cenozoic example from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 411-442. doi: 10.1144/SP377.6.
Mora, A., Blanco, V., Naranjo, J., Sanchez, N., Ketcham, R.A., Rubiano, J., Stockli, D.F., Quintero, I., Nemčok, M., Horton, B.K., and Davila, H. (2013b). On the lag time between internal strain and basement involved thrust induced exhumation: The case of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 52, 96-118. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2013.04.001.
Mora, A., Ketcham, R.A., Higuera-Diaz, I.C., Bookhagen, B., Jimenez, L., and Rubiano, J. (2014). Formation of passive-roof duplexes in the Colombian Subandes and Perú. Lithosphere, 6(6), 456-472. doi: 10.1130/L340.1.
Mora, A., Tesón, E., Martínez, J., Parra, M., Lasso, A., Horton, B.K., Ketcham, R.A., Velásquez, A., and Arias-Martínez, J.P. (in press). The Eastern Foothills of Colombia. In: J. Gómez-Tapias, D. Mateus-Zabala (eds.). The Geology of Colombia (pp. 95-117). vol. 3, chapter 5. Bogotá: Servicio Geológico Colombiano.
Moreno, N., Silva, A., Mora, A., Tesón, E., Quintero, I., Rojas, L., Lopez, C., Blanco, V., Castellanos, J., Sanchez, J., Osorio, L., Namson, J., Stockli, D., and Casallas, W. (2013). Interaction between thin- and thick-skinned tectonics in the foothill areas of an inverted graben. The Middle Magdalena Foothill belt. Geological Society, London, Special
Publications, 377, 221-255. doi: 10.1144/SP377.18.
Namson, J.S., and Wallace, W.K. (1986). A structural transect across northeastern the Brooks Range, Alaska. Geology Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 16, 163.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Sobel, E.R., Strecker, M.R., and González, R. (2009a). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constraints from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4). doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Jaramillo, C., Strecker, M.R., Sobel, E.R., Quiroz, L., Rueda, M., and Torres, V. (2009b). Orogenic wedge advance in the northern Andes: Evidence from the Oligocene-Miocene sedimentary record of the Medina Basin, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. GSA Bulletin, 121(5-6), 780-800. doi: 10.1130/B26257.1.
Parra, M., Mora, A., Lopez, C., Rojas, L.E., and Horton, B.K. (2012). Detecting earliest shortening and deformation advance in thrust belt hinterlands: example from the Colombian Andes. Geology, 40(2), 175-178. doi: 10.1130/G32519.1.
Pérez, G., y Salazar, A. (1973). Estratigrafía y facies del grupo Guadalupe. Tesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
Reyes-Harker, A., Ruiz-Valdivieso, C.F., Mora, A., Ramírez-Arias, J.C., Rodriguez, G., De La Parra, F., Caballero, V., Parra, M., Moreno, N., Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Silva, A., Valencia, V., Stockli, D., and Blanco, V. (2015). Cenozoic paleogeography of the Andean foreland and retroarc hinterland of Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1407-1453. doi: 10.1306/06181411110
Rowan, M.G., Lawton, T.F., Giles, K.A., and Ratliff, R.A. (2003). Near-salt deformation in La Popa Basin, Mexico, and the northern Gulf of Mexico: A general model for passive diapirism. AAPG Bulletin, 87(5), 733-756.
Royse, F. (1996). Detachment fold train, Reed Wash area, west flnk San Rafael swell, Utah: An example of limb lengthening, roll-through folding process on the eastern margin of the Sevier thrust belt. The Mountain geologist, 33, 45-64.
Sánchez, J., Horton, B.K., Tesón, E., Mora, A., Ketcham, R.A., and Stockli, D.F. (2012). Kinematic evolution of Andean fold-thrust structures along the boundary between the Eastern Cordillera and Middle Magdalena Valley basin, Colombia. Tectonics, 31(3). doi: 10.1029/2011TC003089.
Suppe, J. (1983). Geometry and kinematics of Fault-bend Folding. American Journal of Science, 283, 684-721.
Taboada, A., Rivera, L.A., Fuenzalida, A., Cisternas, A., Philip, H., Bijwaard, H., Olaya, J., and Rivera, C. (2000). Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5), 787-813. doi: 10.1029/2000TC900004.
Támara, J., Mora, A., Robles, W., Kammer, A., Ortiz, A., Sanchez-Villar, N., Piraquive, A., Rueda, L.H., Casallas, W., Castellanos, J., Montaña, J., Parra, L.G., Corredor, J., Ramirez, A., Zambrano, E. (2015). Fractured reservoirs in the Eastern Foothills, Colombia, and their relationship with fold kinematics. AAPG Bulletin, 99(8), 1599-1633. doi: 10.1306/09291411109.
Teixell, A., Tesón, E., Ruiz, J.C., and Mora, A. (2015). The structure of an inverted back-arc rift: Insights from a transect across the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia near Bogota. In: C. Bartolini, P. Mann (eds.). Petroleum geology and potential of the Colombian Caribbean Margin (pp. 499-515). AAPG Memoir, 108.
Tesón, E., Mora, A., Silva, A., Namson, J., Teixell, A., Castellanos, J., Casallas, W., Julivert, M., Taylor, M., Ibañez-Mejia, M., and Valencia, V. (2013). Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 377, 257-283. doi: 10.1144/SP377.10.
Wiltschko, D.V., and Chapple, W.M. (1977). Flow of weak rocks in Appalachian Plateau Folds. AAPG Bulletin, 61(5), 653-670.