Articles
Obtaining a hematite pigment by thermal transformation of the surface oxide of reinforcing steel bars
María Angélica Colpas-Ruiz- Camilo Gnecco-Molina
- José Pérez-Mendoza
- Oscar Higuera-Cobos
- Gabriel Jiménez-Rodríguez
Published 2020-05-29
Keywords
- ɑ-Fe2O3,
- iron oxide,
- pigment characterization,
- calcination,
- crystalline phases
How to Cite
Colpas-Ruiz, M. A., Gnecco-Molina, C., Pérez-Mendoza, J., Higuera-Cobos, O., & Jiménez-Rodríguez, G. (2020). Obtaining a hematite pigment by thermal transformation of the surface oxide of reinforcing steel bars. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 19(3), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n3-2020014
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista UIS Ingenierías
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
In this investigation work, the valuation of the surface oxide waste from reinforcing steel bars through to its thermal transformation into a pigment composed mainly of hematite (ɑ-Fe2O3) is reported. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to determine the elemental content of the processed waste and identify the iron oxides involved in the calcination, respectively. The steelmaking waste powder is mainly composed by Fe2O3 (87.92 %), SiO2 (6.13 %), CaO (1.88 %), Al2O3 (1.30 %) and MnO (0.77 %). The total iron content corresponds to the following iron oxides: magnetite, maghemite, wustite, lepidocrocite, hematite and goethite. The thermal treatment of the residue at temperatures of 750-850 °C and holding times of 0.5-1.50 h, showed a high conversion of precursor iron oxides into hematite, with percentages of this phase ranging between 86.4 and 94.6%. The highest hematite obtaining was achieved at a condition of 850 °C and 1.00 h.
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References
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[3] D. de la Fuente, J. Alcántara, B. Chico, I. Díaz, J.A. Jiménez, M. Morcillo, “Characterisation of rust surfaces formed on mild steel exposed to marine atmospheres using XRD and SEM/Micro-Raman techniques,” Corros. Sci., vol. 110, pp. 253–264, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.04.034
[4] Y. Zhao, H. Ren, H. Dai, W. Jin., “Composition and expansion coefficient of rust based on X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis,” Corr. Sci., vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1646–1658, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.01.007
[5] E. Zitrou, J. Nikolaou, P. E. Tsakiridis, G. D. Papadimitriou, “Atmospheric corrosion of steel reinforcing bars produced by various manufacturing processes,” Rev. Constr. Build. Mat., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1161-1169, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.06.004
[6] R. Chen, W. Y. D. Yuen, “A study of the scale structure of hot-rolled steel strip by simulated coiling and cooling,” Oxid. Met., vol. 53, no. 5-6, pp. 539-560, 2000, doi: 10.1023/A:1004637127231.
[7] R. Bhattacharya, G. Jha, S. Kundu, R. Shankar, N. Gope, “Influence of cooling rate on the structure and formation of oxide scale in low carbon steel wire rods during hot rolling,” Surf. Coat. Tech., vol. 201, no. 3-4, pp. 526-532, Oct. 2005, doi: 10.1 016/j.surfcoat.2005.12.014
[8] P. Schweitzer, “Atmospheric Corrosion,” in Fundamentals of metallic corrosion: atmospheric and media corrosion of metals (Corrosion Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed.). Boca Raton, US: CRC press, 2006, ch. 2, pp. 39-66.
[9] J.G. Castaño, C.A. Botero, A.H. Restrepo, E.A. Agudelo, E. Correa, F. Echeverría, “Atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in Colombia,” Corr. Sci., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 216-223, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.09.006
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[11] P. Zevallos, D. Flores, “Síntesis y caracterización de pigmentos de hematita obtenidos a partir de cascarilla de laminación,” B.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Ing. Proc., Univ. Nac. San Agustín, 2015. Available: http://repositorio.unsa.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNSA/194/B2-M-18321.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
[12] M. S. Quddus et al., “Synthesis and Characterization of Pigment Grade Red Iron Oxide from Mill Scale,” IRJPAC, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2018, doi: 10.9734/IRJPAC/2018/42935
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[14] A. C. da Silva et al., “Converting Fe-rich Magnetic Wastes into Active Photocatalysts for Environmental Remediation Processes,” J. Photoch. Photobio. A, vol. 335, pp. 259-267, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jphotoche.2016.11.025
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[16] V. Della, J. A. Junkes, O. R. K. Montedo, A. P. N. Oliviera, C. R. Rambo, D. Hotza, “Synthesis of hematite from steel scrap to produce ceramic pigments,” Rev. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 9101-9108, 2007.
[17] R. M. Cornell , U. Schwertmann, “Transformations,” in The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses, 2nd ed. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2003, ch. 14, pp. 365-409.
[18] J.G. Castaño, C. Arroyave, “La funcionalidad de los óxidos de hierro,” Rev. Metal. Madrid, vol. 34, no. 3, 1998. [Online]. Available: http://revistademetalurgia.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistademetalurgia/article/view/794/805
[19] G. Buxbaum, G. Pfaff, “Colored Pigments,” in Industrial Inorganic Pigments, 3rd ed. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2005, ch. 3, pp. 99-162.
[20] A. M. Olmedo, “Estudio de películas de óxidos de hierro crecidas y depositadas en diversos ambientes,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Fac. Cien. Exac. Nat. Univ. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1990. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/
20.500.12110/tesis_n2320_Olmedo.
[21] M. A. Colpas, C. Gnecco, J.A. Pérez, O. F. Higuera, G. A. Jiménez. “Synthesis of an Anticorrosive Pigment by Thermal Treatment of Iron Oxides from Steel Industry Wastes,” Rev. Fac. Ing., vol. 28, no. 52, pp. 43-58, 2019, doi: 10.19053/01211129.v28.n52.2019.9653
[22] R. Sugrañez et al., “Preparation of sustainable photocatalytic materials through the valorization of industrial wastes,” Rev. ChemSusChem, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 2340-2347, 2013, doi: 10.1002/cssc.201300449
[23] Métodos generales de ensayo para pigmentos y extensores. Parte 10: Determinación de la densidad. Método del picnómetro, UNE-EN ISO 787-10, 1996.
[24] Standard Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-out, ASTM D281-95(2016), 2016, doi: 10.1520/D0281-12R16
[25] L. Schaufler et al., “Seeing Red: Colour space and potential in hematites,” Rev. European Coatings Journal, no. 3, pp. 132-137, 2019.
[26] Standard Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments, ASTM D185-07, 2019.
[27] N. Veeramani, “Inorganic Pigments-II”, Paintindia Mag., vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 86-90, Jun. 2016.
[28] J. Oyarzún, “Physical characterisation of pigments,” in Pigment Procesing: Physico-Chemical Principles, 2nd ed. Hannover, Germany: Vincentz Network, 2015, ch. 1, pp. 13-51.
[29] A. Ribadeneira, “Protección anticorrosiva del acero mediante el uso de pinturas alquídicas con pigmentos de óxido de hierro en atmósferas urbana y subtropical”, B.Sc. Thesis. Fac. Prof. Ing. Agro., Univ. Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 2008. Available: https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/1686
[30] J. Calvo, “Pigmentos y Cargas,” in Pinturas y recubrimientos: introducción a su tecnología. Madrid, España: Ediciones Díaz de Santos, 2009, ch. 2, pp. 9-29.
[31] F. Jones, M. Nichols, S. Pappas, “Pigment Dispersion,” in Organic Coatings: Science and Technology, 4th ed, Hoboken, US: John Wiley & Sons, 2017, ch. 21, pp. 307-322.
[32] D. Mannari and C. Patel. “Pigments,” in Understanding Coatings Raw Materials. Hannover, Germany: Vincentz Network, 2015, ch. 3, pp. 139-208.
[33] A. A. Velásquez, D. Jaramillo Raquejo, “Characterization of the corrosion products of one of the
pedestrian paths of the bridge “Punto Cero” in the city of Medellin, Colombia,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 1247, Paper. 012022, Jun. 2019, pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1247/1/012022