Articles
Use of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in construction - state of the art
Manuel Alejandro Rojas-Manzano- Iván Fernando Otálvaro-Calle
Published 2021-01-02
Keywords
- electric arc furnace slag,
- iron slag,
- sustainability,
- construction material,
- aggregates
- pavements,
- concrete,
- cement,
- granular base,
- granular subbase ...More
How to Cite
Rojas-Manzano, M. A., Otálvaro-Calle, I. F., Pérez-Caicedo, J. A., Benavides, H. M., & Ambriz-Fregoso, C. (2021). Use of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in construction - state of the art. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 20(2), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v20n2-2021005
Abstract
The increase in the world population has resulted in the growth of the construction industry. This involves the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources and therefore a greater environmental impact by pollution of soil, water, and air. Thus, sustainable development has become a priority in the industry, with the objective of incorporating waste into the production chain. The methods for producing steel are the blast furnace (iron mining) and the electric arc furnace (recycled metal scrap). In the latter, the most widely used process in Colombia, the electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) is formed. This waste represents an opportunity for use in construction. Several investigations have studied the use of this material as an aggregate and as a cement raw material. In addition, its use as a substitute for granular material in the construction of embankments, bases, sub-bases and rolling layers, the greatest application of slag are the pavements. This work aims to carry out an updated review of the state of the art on the use of EAFS in construction to promote the correct and safe implementation of this waste and contribute to the sustainability of the steel industry.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1] World Steel Association, “World steel in figures 2019”, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:96d7a585-e6b2-4d63-b943-4cd9ab621a91/World%2520Steel%2520in%2520Figures%25202019.pdf
[2] World Steel Association, “Steel statistical yearbook 2018”, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:e5a8eda5-4b46-4892-856b-00908b5ab492/SSY_2018.pdf
[3] M. S. Mamlouk, J. P. Zaniewski, Materiales para ingeniería civil. Pearson Educación, S. A., Madrid, 2009.
[4] C. Thomas, J. Rosales, J. A. Polanco, F. Agrela, “7 - Steel slags”, New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete, pp. 169-190, 2019, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102480-5.00007-5
[5] M. A. González, “Comportamiento y diseño de hormigones estructurales con áridos siderúrgicos EAF”, tesis doctoral, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015.
[6] “Slag and its relation to the corrosion characteristics of ferrous metals”, National Slag Association Report NSA 172-13, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.nationalslag.org/sites/nationalslag/files/documents/nsa_172-13_slag_and_corrosion.pdf
[7] M. Öner, K. Erdoğdu, A. Günlü, “Effect of components fineness on strength of blast furnace slag cement”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 463-469, 2003, doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00713-5
[8] B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, R. Hooton, “Supplementary cementitious materials”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1244-1256, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001
[9] V. Kocaba, E. Gallucci, K. Scrivener, “Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 511-525, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.010
[10] H. Yoon, J. Seo, S. Kim, H. Lee, S. Park, “Characterization of blast furnace slag-blended Portland cement for immobilization of Co”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 134, pp. 106089, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106089
[11] R. Taylor, I. Richardson, R. Brydson, “Composition and microstructure of 20-year-old ordinary Portland cement–ground granulated blast-furnace slag blends containing 0 to 100% slag”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 971-983, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.012
[12] S. Suntharalingam, Y. Takahashi, “Experimental study on autogenous shrinkage behaviors of different Portland blast furnace slag cements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 230, pp. 116980, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116980
[13] R. Patra, B. Mukharjee, “Influence of incorporation of granulated blast furnace slag as replacement of fine aggregate on properties of concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 165, pp. 468-476, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.125
[14] M. Skaf, J. Manso, A. Aragón, J. Fuente-Alonso, V. Ortega-López, “EAF slag in asphalt mixes: A brief review of its possible re-use”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 120, pp. 176-185, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.009
[15] M. Senani, N. Ferhoune, A. Guettala, J. Aguiar, “Eco-concrete with incorporation of blast furnace slag as natural aggregates replacement”; Science and Technology of Materials, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 144-150, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.stmat.2017.12.001
[16] L. Nicula, O. Corbu, M. Iliescu, “Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on the Durability Characteristic of Road Concrete Such as Freeze-Thaw Resistance”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 46, pp. 194-201, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.029
[17] O. Oren, A. Gholampour, O. Gencel, T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Physical and mechanical properties of foam concretes containing granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 238, pp. 117774, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117774
[18] C. Srinivasarao, S. V. Bhaskar Reddy, “Study of standard grade concrete consisting of granulated blast furnace slag as a fine aggregate”, Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 859-865, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.024
[19] I. N. Grubeša, I. Barišić, A. Fucic, S. S. Bansode, “2 - Ferrous slag: Characteristics and properties”, Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, pp. 15-30, 2016, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100368-8.00002-6
[20] “User guidelines for byproducts and secondary use materials in pavement construction”. Steel slag, FHWA-RD-97–148, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/97148/ssa1.cfm
[21] L. Rohde, W. Peres, J. A. Pereira, “Electric arc furnace steel slag: base material for low-volume roads”, vol. 1819, no. 21, pp. 201-207, 2003, doi: 10.3141/1819b-26
[22] F. Maghool, A. Arulrajah, C. Suksiripattanapong, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Mohajerani, “Geotechnical properties of steel slag aggregates: Shear strength and stiffness”, Soil and Foundations, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1591-1601, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2019.03.016
[23] National Minerals Information Center, “Iron and Steel Statistics and Information”, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/
[24] Worldsteel Association, “Steel Industry Co-Products”, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:2941f748-b906-4952-8b11-03ffee835b39/Co-products_position_paper_vfinal.pdf
[25] L. Muhmood, S. Vitta, D. Venkateswaran, “Cementitious and pozzolanic behavior of electric arc furnace steel slags”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 102-109, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.002
[26] P. E. Tsakiridis, G. D. Papadimitriou, S. Tsivilis, C, Koroneos, “Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 805-811, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.093
[27] H. Kim, K. Kim, S. S. Jung, J. I. Hwang, J. Choi, I. Sohn, “Valorization of electric arc furnace primary steelmaking slags for cement applications”, Waste Management, vol. 41, pp. 85-93, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.019
[28] L. M. Serrato “Utilización de escoria de horno de arco eléctrico en morteros a base cemento Portland”, tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León, 2014.
[29] K. Otegi, “Estudio del impacto ambiental por lixiviación de la escoria de acería en capas granulares no ligadas 706-TFM-314”, tesis de maestría, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012.
[30] H. Motz, J. Geiseler, “Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources”, Waste Management, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 285-293, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00102-1
[31] A. E. A. E. Behiry, “Evaluation of steel slag and crushed limestone mixtures as subbase material in flexible pavement”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-53, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2012.07.006
[32] Departamento Nacional de Estradas e Rodagem, “Escórias de aciaria para pavimentos rodoviários”, DNER-PRO 262/94.
[33] Departamento Nacional de Estradas e Rodagem, “Emprego de escórias de aciaria em pavimentos rodoviários”, DNER-PRO 263/94.
[34] M. Mansó. “Fabricación de hormigón hidráulico con escorias de horno de arco eléctrico”, tesis de maestría, Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Burgos, 2001.
[35] Y. Perez, “Estudio de durabilidad del hormigón con áridos siderúrgicos de horno de arco eléctrico”, trabajo final de grado, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015.
[36] I. Arribas, A. Santamaría, E. Ruiz, V. Ortega, J. M. Manso, “Electric arc furnace slag and its use in hydraulic concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 90, pp. 68-79, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.003
[37] L. Coppola, A. Buoso, D. Coffetti, P. Kara, S. Lorenzi, “Electric arc furnace granulated slag for sustainable concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 123, pp. 115-119, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.142
[38] J. A. Fuente, V. Ortega, M. Skaf, A. Aragón, J. T. San-José, “Performance of fiber-reinforced EAF slag concrete for use in pavements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 149, pp. 629-638, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.174
[39] M. A. González, S.H.P. Cavalaro, G. Rodríguez, A. Aguado, “Durability of concrete with electric arc furnace slag aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 217, pp. 543-556, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.082
[40] A. Santamaría, A. Orbe, M. M. Losañez, M. Skaf, V. Ortega-Lopez, J. J. González, “Self-compacting concrete incorporating electric arc-furnace steelmaking slag as aggregate”, Materials & Design, vol. 115, pp. 179-193, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.048
[41] M. N. Lam, S. Jaritngam, D. Le, “Roller-compacted concrete pavement made of Electric Arc Furnace slag aggregate: Mix design and mechanical properties”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 482-495, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.240
[42] M. N. Lam, S. Jaritngam, D. Le, “Compressive strength and durability properties of roller-compacted concrete pavement containing electric arc furnace slag aggregate and fly ash”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 191, pp. 912-922, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.080
[43] H. Rooholamini, R. Sedghi, B. Ghobadipour, M. Adresi, “Effect of electric arc furnace steel slag on the mechanical and fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 211, pp. 88-98, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.223
[44] F. Faleschini, M. A. Fernández, M. A. Zanini, K. Brunelli, C. Pellegrino, E. Hernández, “High performance concrete with electric arc furnace slag as aggregate: Mechanical and durability properties”, Construction and Building Materials, vol 101, no. 1, pp. 113-121, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.022
[45] F. Faleschini, M. A. Zanini, K. Brunelli, C. Pellegrino, E. Hernández, “Use of electric arc furnace slag for high strength concrete production”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 847, pp. 537-543, 2016, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.847.537
[46] M. Maslehuddin, A. Naqvi, M. Ibrahim, Z. Kalakada, “Radiation shielding properties of concrete with electric arc furnace slag aggregates and steel shots”. Annals of Nuclear Energy, vol. 53, pp.192-196, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2012.09.006
[47] M. Papachristoforou, I. Papayianni, “Radiation shielding and mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) produced with EAF slag aggregates”, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 149, pp. 26-32, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.03.010
[48] B. Pomaro, F. Gramegna, R. Cherubini, V. De Nadal, V. Salomoni, F. Faleschini, “Gamma-ray shielding properties of heavyweight concrete with Electric Arc Furnace slag as aggregate: An experimental and numerical study”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 200, pp. 188-197, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.098
[49] A. Beaucour, P. Pliya, F. Faleschini, R. Njinwoua, C. Pellegrino, A. Noumowé, “Influence of elevated temperature on properties of radiation shielding concrete with electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 256, pp. 119385, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119385
[50] M. Pasetto, N. Baldo, “Experimental evaluation of high performance base course and road base asphalt concrete with electric arc furnace steel slags”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 181, no. 1-3, pp. 938-948, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.104
[51] M. Ameri, S. Hesami, H. Goli, “Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 49, pp. 611-617, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.034
[52] A. Kavussi, M. J. Qazizadeh, “Fatigue characterization of asphalt mixes containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag subjected to long term aging”,
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 72, pp. 158-166, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.052
[53] A. M. Serna, “Selección de tecnologías apropiadas para el aprovechamiento de la escoria en el sector siderúrgico”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Tecnológica De Pereira, 2012.
[54] L. M. Parra, D. P. Sanchez, “Análisis de la valorización de escorias negras como material agregado para concreto en el marco de la gestión ambiental de la siderúrgica Diaco”, trabajo de grado, Universidad de la Salle, 2010.
[55] R. A. Cruz, D. M. Franco, L. Pérez, “Reemplazo del agregado fino por escoria de horno de cubilote para la fabricación de concreto”, Revista INGE CUC, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83-88, 2014.
[56] Y. Pérez, E. Vera, “Preparation of concrete mixtures with electric arc furnace slag and recycled ground glass”, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics, vol. 935, pp. 012010, 2017, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/935/1/012010
[57] J. A. Marroquín, D. L. Quintero, “Comparar las propiedades mecánicas de un asfalto modificado con escoria de acero con las propiedades de un asfalto tradicional”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2016.
[58] A. T. Segura, “Estudio del comportamiento físico y mecánico de mezclas asfálticas; con materiales reutilizables en la construcción como escoria de acero”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2016.
[59] A. Barreto, J. Portilla, “Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico de una mezcla asfáltica densa con sustitución de agregados gruesos por residuos de escoria y asfalto caucho”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2019.
[2] World Steel Association, “Steel statistical yearbook 2018”, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:e5a8eda5-4b46-4892-856b-00908b5ab492/SSY_2018.pdf
[3] M. S. Mamlouk, J. P. Zaniewski, Materiales para ingeniería civil. Pearson Educación, S. A., Madrid, 2009.
[4] C. Thomas, J. Rosales, J. A. Polanco, F. Agrela, “7 - Steel slags”, New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete, pp. 169-190, 2019, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102480-5.00007-5
[5] M. A. González, “Comportamiento y diseño de hormigones estructurales con áridos siderúrgicos EAF”, tesis doctoral, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015.
[6] “Slag and its relation to the corrosion characteristics of ferrous metals”, National Slag Association Report NSA 172-13, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.nationalslag.org/sites/nationalslag/files/documents/nsa_172-13_slag_and_corrosion.pdf
[7] M. Öner, K. Erdoğdu, A. Günlü, “Effect of components fineness on strength of blast furnace slag cement”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 463-469, 2003, doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00713-5
[8] B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, R. Hooton, “Supplementary cementitious materials”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 1244-1256, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001
[9] V. Kocaba, E. Gallucci, K. Scrivener, “Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 511-525, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.010
[10] H. Yoon, J. Seo, S. Kim, H. Lee, S. Park, “Characterization of blast furnace slag-blended Portland cement for immobilization of Co”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 134, pp. 106089, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106089
[11] R. Taylor, I. Richardson, R. Brydson, “Composition and microstructure of 20-year-old ordinary Portland cement–ground granulated blast-furnace slag blends containing 0 to 100% slag”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 971-983, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.012
[12] S. Suntharalingam, Y. Takahashi, “Experimental study on autogenous shrinkage behaviors of different Portland blast furnace slag cements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 230, pp. 116980, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116980
[13] R. Patra, B. Mukharjee, “Influence of incorporation of granulated blast furnace slag as replacement of fine aggregate on properties of concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 165, pp. 468-476, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.125
[14] M. Skaf, J. Manso, A. Aragón, J. Fuente-Alonso, V. Ortega-López, “EAF slag in asphalt mixes: A brief review of its possible re-use”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 120, pp. 176-185, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.009
[15] M. Senani, N. Ferhoune, A. Guettala, J. Aguiar, “Eco-concrete with incorporation of blast furnace slag as natural aggregates replacement”; Science and Technology of Materials, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 144-150, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.stmat.2017.12.001
[16] L. Nicula, O. Corbu, M. Iliescu, “Influence of Blast Furnace Slag on the Durability Characteristic of Road Concrete Such as Freeze-Thaw Resistance”, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 46, pp. 194-201, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.03.029
[17] O. Oren, A. Gholampour, O. Gencel, T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Physical and mechanical properties of foam concretes containing granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 238, pp. 117774, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117774
[18] C. Srinivasarao, S. V. Bhaskar Reddy, “Study of standard grade concrete consisting of granulated blast furnace slag as a fine aggregate”, Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 859-865, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.024
[19] I. N. Grubeša, I. Barišić, A. Fucic, S. S. Bansode, “2 - Ferrous slag: Characteristics and properties”, Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, pp. 15-30, 2016, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100368-8.00002-6
[20] “User guidelines for byproducts and secondary use materials in pavement construction”. Steel slag, FHWA-RD-97–148, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/97148/ssa1.cfm
[21] L. Rohde, W. Peres, J. A. Pereira, “Electric arc furnace steel slag: base material for low-volume roads”, vol. 1819, no. 21, pp. 201-207, 2003, doi: 10.3141/1819b-26
[22] F. Maghool, A. Arulrajah, C. Suksiripattanapong, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Mohajerani, “Geotechnical properties of steel slag aggregates: Shear strength and stiffness”, Soil and Foundations, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1591-1601, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2019.03.016
[23] National Minerals Information Center, “Iron and Steel Statistics and Information”, [En línea]. Disponible en: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/
[24] Worldsteel Association, “Steel Industry Co-Products”, [En línea]. Disponible en: https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:2941f748-b906-4952-8b11-03ffee835b39/Co-products_position_paper_vfinal.pdf
[25] L. Muhmood, S. Vitta, D. Venkateswaran, “Cementitious and pozzolanic behavior of electric arc furnace steel slags”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 102-109, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.002
[26] P. E. Tsakiridis, G. D. Papadimitriou, S. Tsivilis, C, Koroneos, “Utilization of steel slag for Portland cement clinker production”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 805-811, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.093
[27] H. Kim, K. Kim, S. S. Jung, J. I. Hwang, J. Choi, I. Sohn, “Valorization of electric arc furnace primary steelmaking slags for cement applications”, Waste Management, vol. 41, pp. 85-93, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.019
[28] L. M. Serrato “Utilización de escoria de horno de arco eléctrico en morteros a base cemento Portland”, tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León, 2014.
[29] K. Otegi, “Estudio del impacto ambiental por lixiviación de la escoria de acería en capas granulares no ligadas 706-TFM-314”, tesis de maestría, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012.
[30] H. Motz, J. Geiseler, “Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources”, Waste Management, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 285-293, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00102-1
[31] A. E. A. E. Behiry, “Evaluation of steel slag and crushed limestone mixtures as subbase material in flexible pavement”, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 43-53, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2012.07.006
[32] Departamento Nacional de Estradas e Rodagem, “Escórias de aciaria para pavimentos rodoviários”, DNER-PRO 262/94.
[33] Departamento Nacional de Estradas e Rodagem, “Emprego de escórias de aciaria em pavimentos rodoviários”, DNER-PRO 263/94.
[34] M. Mansó. “Fabricación de hormigón hidráulico con escorias de horno de arco eléctrico”, tesis de maestría, Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Burgos, 2001.
[35] Y. Perez, “Estudio de durabilidad del hormigón con áridos siderúrgicos de horno de arco eléctrico”, trabajo final de grado, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015.
[36] I. Arribas, A. Santamaría, E. Ruiz, V. Ortega, J. M. Manso, “Electric arc furnace slag and its use in hydraulic concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 90, pp. 68-79, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.003
[37] L. Coppola, A. Buoso, D. Coffetti, P. Kara, S. Lorenzi, “Electric arc furnace granulated slag for sustainable concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 123, pp. 115-119, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.142
[38] J. A. Fuente, V. Ortega, M. Skaf, A. Aragón, J. T. San-José, “Performance of fiber-reinforced EAF slag concrete for use in pavements”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 149, pp. 629-638, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.174
[39] M. A. González, S.H.P. Cavalaro, G. Rodríguez, A. Aguado, “Durability of concrete with electric arc furnace slag aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 217, pp. 543-556, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.082
[40] A. Santamaría, A. Orbe, M. M. Losañez, M. Skaf, V. Ortega-Lopez, J. J. González, “Self-compacting concrete incorporating electric arc-furnace steelmaking slag as aggregate”, Materials & Design, vol. 115, pp. 179-193, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.048
[41] M. N. Lam, S. Jaritngam, D. Le, “Roller-compacted concrete pavement made of Electric Arc Furnace slag aggregate: Mix design and mechanical properties”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 154, pp. 482-495, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.240
[42] M. N. Lam, S. Jaritngam, D. Le, “Compressive strength and durability properties of roller-compacted concrete pavement containing electric arc furnace slag aggregate and fly ash”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 191, pp. 912-922, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.080
[43] H. Rooholamini, R. Sedghi, B. Ghobadipour, M. Adresi, “Effect of electric arc furnace steel slag on the mechanical and fracture properties of roller-compacted concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 211, pp. 88-98, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.223
[44] F. Faleschini, M. A. Fernández, M. A. Zanini, K. Brunelli, C. Pellegrino, E. Hernández, “High performance concrete with electric arc furnace slag as aggregate: Mechanical and durability properties”, Construction and Building Materials, vol 101, no. 1, pp. 113-121, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.022
[45] F. Faleschini, M. A. Zanini, K. Brunelli, C. Pellegrino, E. Hernández, “Use of electric arc furnace slag for high strength concrete production”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 847, pp. 537-543, 2016, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.847.537
[46] M. Maslehuddin, A. Naqvi, M. Ibrahim, Z. Kalakada, “Radiation shielding properties of concrete with electric arc furnace slag aggregates and steel shots”. Annals of Nuclear Energy, vol. 53, pp.192-196, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.anucene.2012.09.006
[47] M. Papachristoforou, I. Papayianni, “Radiation shielding and mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) produced with EAF slag aggregates”, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 149, pp. 26-32, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.03.010
[48] B. Pomaro, F. Gramegna, R. Cherubini, V. De Nadal, V. Salomoni, F. Faleschini, “Gamma-ray shielding properties of heavyweight concrete with Electric Arc Furnace slag as aggregate: An experimental and numerical study”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 200, pp. 188-197, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.098
[49] A. Beaucour, P. Pliya, F. Faleschini, R. Njinwoua, C. Pellegrino, A. Noumowé, “Influence of elevated temperature on properties of radiation shielding concrete with electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 256, pp. 119385, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119385
[50] M. Pasetto, N. Baldo, “Experimental evaluation of high performance base course and road base asphalt concrete with electric arc furnace steel slags”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 181, no. 1-3, pp. 938-948, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.104
[51] M. Ameri, S. Hesami, H. Goli, “Laboratory evaluation of warm mix asphalt mixtures containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 49, pp. 611-617, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.034
[52] A. Kavussi, M. J. Qazizadeh, “Fatigue characterization of asphalt mixes containing electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag subjected to long term aging”,
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 72, pp. 158-166, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.052
[53] A. M. Serna, “Selección de tecnologías apropiadas para el aprovechamiento de la escoria en el sector siderúrgico”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Tecnológica De Pereira, 2012.
[54] L. M. Parra, D. P. Sanchez, “Análisis de la valorización de escorias negras como material agregado para concreto en el marco de la gestión ambiental de la siderúrgica Diaco”, trabajo de grado, Universidad de la Salle, 2010.
[55] R. A. Cruz, D. M. Franco, L. Pérez, “Reemplazo del agregado fino por escoria de horno de cubilote para la fabricación de concreto”, Revista INGE CUC, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83-88, 2014.
[56] Y. Pérez, E. Vera, “Preparation of concrete mixtures with electric arc furnace slag and recycled ground glass”, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics, vol. 935, pp. 012010, 2017, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/935/1/012010
[57] J. A. Marroquín, D. L. Quintero, “Comparar las propiedades mecánicas de un asfalto modificado con escoria de acero con las propiedades de un asfalto tradicional”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2016.
[58] A. T. Segura, “Estudio del comportamiento físico y mecánico de mezclas asfálticas; con materiales reutilizables en la construcción como escoria de acero”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2016.
[59] A. Barreto, J. Portilla, “Evaluación del comportamiento mecánico de una mezcla asfáltica densa con sustitución de agregados gruesos por residuos de escoria y asfalto caucho”, trabajo de grado, Universidad Católica de Colombia, 2019.