Artículos
Publicado 2017-10-06
Palabras clave
- Cretácico Superior,
- Cuenca del Catatumbo,
- foraminíferos,
- formaciones La Luna-Colón,
- paleoambientes
Cómo citar
Patarroyo, G. D., Torres, G. A., Rincón, D. A., Cárdenas, C. P., & Márquez, R. E. (2017). BIOESTRATIGRAFÍA E INFERENCIAS PALEOAMBIENTALES DE LAS ASOCIACIONES DE FORAMINÍFEROS EN LAS FORMACIONES CRETÁCICAS LA LUNA-COLÓN (CUENCA DEL CATATUMBO, COLOMBIA). Boletín De Geología, 39(3), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v39n3-2017002
Altmetrics
Resumen
El estudio micropaleontológico (foraminíferos) de un núcleo de perforación y la integración con información previa en otros pozos de la Cuenca del Catatumbo, permitió la caracterización bioestratigráfica y paleoambiental del contacto entre las formaciones La Luna y Colón. Para la parte superior de la Formación La Luna (Coniaciano-Campaniano) las asociaciones de foraminíferos presentaron una baja diversidad, siendo constituidas por una alta proporción de foraminíferos infaunales y planctónicos biseriales, los cuales sugieren condiciones de mar abierto con una baja oxigenación y alta productividad superficial. Para la Formación La Luna, taxones como Bolivinoides spp. (Bolivina explicata), Anomalina redmondi, Praebulimina spp., y Heterohelix spp. fueron encontrados. En contraste, para la parte más inferior de la Formación Colón, las asociaciones de foraminíferos fueron diversas, principalmente compuestas por foraminíferos bentónicos epifaunales y planctónicos no quillados que sugieren condiciones de moderada a buena oxigenación en un entorno de plataforma interna. Taxones como Globotruncana spp., Rugoglobigerina spp., Siphogenerinoides spp., Anomalina spp., Pullenia cretacea, Praebulimina petroleana y Haplophragmoides excavata se consideraron como diagnósticos de la parte inferior de la Formación Colón (Miembro Socuy), con una edad Campaniano tardío-Maastrichtiano.
Este contraste en las asociaciones de foraminíferos y los paleoambientes interpretados ha sido observado en todos los pozos estudiados en la Cuenca del Catatumbo, lo que concuerda con estudios previos que sugieren un contacto discordante entre las dos unidades.
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Referencias
Ayala, R., Carrillo, J., y Macsotay, O. 2016. Invertebrados del Cretácico Superior de la Formación Colón (Campaniense-Maastrichtiense), Andes de Venezuela. Acta Científica Venezolana, 67(2): 48-68.
Ayala-Calvo, R.C., Bayona-Chaparro, G.A., Ojeda-Marulanda, C., Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Padrón, C.E., Yoris, F., Mesa-Salamanca, J., y García, A. 2009. Estratigrafía y procedencia de las unidades comprendidas entre el Campaniano y el Paleógeno en la subcuenca de Cesar: aportes a la evolución tectónica del área. Geología Colombiana, 34: 3-33.
Bolli, H.M., Beckmann, J.P., and Saunders, J.B. 1994. Benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the South Caribbean region. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 411p.
Bürgl, H., y Dumit, Y. 1954. El Cretáceo Superior en la región de Girardot. Boletín Geológico, 2: 23-48.
Caron, M. 1985. Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J., and Perch- Nielsen, K. (Eds.). Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17-86.
Castillo, M.V., and Mann, P. 2006. Cretaceous to Holocene structural and stratigraphic development in south Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, inferred from well and three-dimensional seismic data. AAPG Bulletin, 90(4): 529-565.
Clavijo, J. 1994. Mapa geológico generalizado del Departamento de Norte de Santander. Escala 1:250.00. Memoria Explicativa. Bucaramanga: INGEOMINAS.
Cooney, P.M., and Lorente, M.A. 2009. A structuring event of Campanian age in western Venezuela, interpreted from seismic and paleontological data. Geological Society Special Publications, 328: 687-703.
Corliss, B.H., and Chen, C. 1988. Morphotype patterns of Norwegian Sea deep-sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications. Geology, 16(8): 716-719.
Cushman, J.A., and Hedberg, H.D. 1930. Notes on some foraminifera from Venezuela and Colombia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 6: 64-69.
Cushman, J.A., and Hedberg, H.D. 1941. Upper Cretaceous foraminifera from Santander del Norte, Colombia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 17: 79-100.
De Romero, L.M., and Galea-Alvarez, F.A. 1995. Campanian Bolivinoides and microfacies from Luna Formation, western Venezuela. Marine Micropaleontology, 26(1-4): 385-404.
Dubicka, Z., and Peryt, D. 2016. Bolivinoides (Benthic foraminifera) from the Upper Cretaceous of Poland and western Ukraine: Taxonomy, evolutionary changes and stratigraphic significance. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 46(1): 75-94.
Erlich, R.N., Macsotay, O., Nederbragt, A.J., Palmer-Koleman, S.E., and Lorente, M.A. 1999. Paleoecology, paleogeography, and depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Western Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 153(1-4): 203-238.
Frizzell, D.L. 1954. Handbook of Cretaceous Foraminifera of Texas. University of Texas Press. Austin, 232p.
Gandolfi, R. 1955. The genus Globotruncana in northeastern Colombia. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 30(155): 1-20.
Georgescu, M.D. 2005. On the systematics of rugoglobigerinids (planktonic foraminifera, late Cretaceous). Studia Geologica Polonica, 124: 87-97.
Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., and Ogg, G.M. 2012. The geologic time scale 2012. Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1176p.
Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G., and Navarrete, R.E. 2000. The Stratigraphy of the W side of the Cretaceous Colombian basin in the Upper Magdalena Valley. Reevaluation of selected areas and type localities including Aipe, Guaduas, Ortega, and Piedras. Geología Colombiana, 25: 45-110.
Hammer, O., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electrononica, 4(1): 1-9.
Hayek, L.A.C., and Buzas, M.A. 1997. Surveying natural populations. Columbia University Press. Nueva York, 562p.
Hedberg, H.D., and Sass, L.C. 1937. Synopsis of the geologic formations of the western part of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 1(2-4): 73-112.
Jorissen, F.J., De Stigter H.C., and Widmark, J.G.V. 1995. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology, 26(1-4): 3-15.
Jorissen, F.J., Fontanier, C., and Thomas, E. 2007. Paleoceanographical indicators based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. Developments in Marine Geology, 1: 263-325.
Julivert, M. 1968. Lexique stratigraphique international. Vol 5. Amérique Latine, Fasc. 4a Colombie. Paris, 651p.
Kehrer, L. 1937. Some observations on Cretaceous and Pre-cretaceous beds in the south western and northern-central parts of Venezuela. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 1(2-4): 47-70.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M, and Merrick, K.A. 1986. Foraminiferal paleoenvironments from the Barremian to Maastrichtian of Trinidad, West Indies. I Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad & Tobago, pp. 85-101.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M., and Hart, M.B. 1990. Cretaceous foraminiferal morphogroup distribution patterns, paleocommunities and trophic structures: A case study from the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 81: 221-246.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M. 1992. Late aptian to maastrichtian foraminiferal biogeography and palaeoceanography of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 92(3-4): 295-324.
Kugler, H.G., and Bolli, H.M. 1967. Cretaceous biostratigraphy in Trinidad. Boletín Informativo, Asociación Venezolana de Geología, Minería y Petróleos, 10: 209-236.
Loeblich, A.R. Jr., and Tappan, H. 1988. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, 970p.
Loeblich, A.R. Jr., Tappan, H., Beckmann, J.P., Bolli, H.M., Montarano G.E., and Troelsen, J. 1957. Studies in Foraminifera. Smithsonian Institution. Washington D.C., 323p.
Lugo, J., and Mann, P. 1995. Jurassic–Eocene tectonic evolution of Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. AAPG Memoir, 62: 699-725.
Magurran, A.E. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford, 260p.
Mann, P., Escalona, A., and Castillo, M.V. 2006. Regional geologic and tectonic setting of the Maracaibo supergiant basin, western Venezuela. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 90(4): 445-477.
Martínez, R. J.I. 1989. Foraminiferal bioestratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Maastrichtian Colon mudstones of Northern South America. Micropaleontology, 35(2): 97-113.
Martínez, J.I. 2003. The Paleoecology of late Cretaceous upwelling events from the Upper Magdalena Basin, Colombia. Palaios, 18(4-5): 305-320.
Martínez, J.I., and Hernández, R. 1992. Evolution and drowning of the late cretaceous Venezuelan carbonate platform. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5(2): 197-210.
Murray, J.W. 2006. Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 426p.
Nederbragt, A. 1991. Late Cretaceous biostratigraphy and development of Heterohelicidae (planktic foraminifera). Micropaleontology, 37(4): 329-372.
Notestein, F., Hubman, C., and Bowler, J. 1944. Geology of the Barco Concession, Republic of Colombia, South America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 55(10): 1165-1216.
Parra, M., Moscardelli, L., and Lorente, M.A. 2003. Late Cretaceous anoxia and lateral microfacies changes in the Tres Esquinas Member, La Luna Formation, Western Venezuela. Palaios, 18: 321-333.
Pedraza, P., and Ramírez, Y. 2011. Catatumbo Basin. ANH-Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, 135p.
Petters, V. 1955. Development of Upper Cretaceous foraminiferal faunas in Colombia. Journal of Paleontology, 29(2): 212-225.
Premoli Silva, I., and Verga, D. 2011. Practical manual of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera. New Editing by Marie Rose Petrizzo and Isabella Premoli Silva. International School on Planktonic Foraminifera 3rd Course: Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera. Perugia, 1-265.
Renz, O. 1959. Estratigrafía del Cretáceo en Venezuela occidental. Boletín de Geología (Venezuela), 5(10): 3-48.
Sellier de Civrieux, J.M. 1952. Estudio de la microfauna de la sección-tipo del Miembro Socuy de la Formación Colón, Distrito Mara, Estado Zulia. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 2(5): 231-310.
Shannon, C.E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27: 379-423.
Sohn, I.G. 1961. Techniques for preparation and study of fossil ostracodes. In: Moore, R. (Ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part Q, Arthropod 3. Crustacea Ostracoda. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. pp: Q63-Q70.
Sutton, F.A. 1946. Geology of Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 30(10): 1621-1739.
Talukdar, S., and Marcano, F. 1994. Petroleum System of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. The petroleum system-from source to trap: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir, 60: 463-481.
Tchegliakova, N., and Mojica, J. 2001. El Senoniano de la barrera de Girardot-Guataquí, Valle Alto del Magdalena, Colombia: Precisiones sobre la estratigrafía y establecimiento de una zonación micropaleontológica. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 25(94): 37-75.
Thomas, E., Zachos, J.C., and Bralower, T.J. 2000. Deep-sea environments on a warm Earth: latest Paleocene-early Eocene. In: Huber, B., MacLeod, K., and Wing, S. (Eds.). Warm climates in Earth History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 132-160.
Vergara, L. 1994. Stratigraphic, micropaleontologic and organic geochemical relation in the Cretaceous of the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Giessener Geologische Schriften, 50. Giessen, 179p.
Villamil, T., and Arango, C. 1998. Integrated stratigraphy of latest Cenomanian and early Turonian facies of Colombia. In: Pindell, J., and Drake, C. (Eds.). Paleogeographic evolution and non-glacial eustacy, Northern South American. SEPM Special Publication 58. Tulsa, pp. 129-159.
Villamil, T., Arango, C., and Hay, W.W. 1999. Plate tectonic paleoceanographic hypothesis for the Cretaceous source rocks and cherts of northern South America. In: Barrera, E., and Johnson, C.C. (Eds.). Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System. Geological Society of America, pp. 191-202.
Villamil, T., and Pindell, J. 1998. Mesozoic paleogeographic evolution of northern South America: Foundations for sequence stratigraphic studies in passive margin strata deposited during non-glacial times. In: Pindell, J., and Drake, C. (Eds.). Paleogeographic evolution and non-glacial eustacy, Northern South America. SEPM Special Publication 58. Tulsa, pp. 238-318.
Yepes, O. 2001. Maastrichtian/Danian dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and biogeography from two equatorial sections in Colombia and Venezuela. Palynology, 25: 217-249.
Ayala-Calvo, R.C., Bayona-Chaparro, G.A., Ojeda-Marulanda, C., Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Padrón, C.E., Yoris, F., Mesa-Salamanca, J., y García, A. 2009. Estratigrafía y procedencia de las unidades comprendidas entre el Campaniano y el Paleógeno en la subcuenca de Cesar: aportes a la evolución tectónica del área. Geología Colombiana, 34: 3-33.
Bolli, H.M., Beckmann, J.P., and Saunders, J.B. 1994. Benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the South Caribbean region. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 411p.
Bürgl, H., y Dumit, Y. 1954. El Cretáceo Superior en la región de Girardot. Boletín Geológico, 2: 23-48.
Caron, M. 1985. Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J., and Perch- Nielsen, K. (Eds.). Plankton Stratigraphy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 17-86.
Castillo, M.V., and Mann, P. 2006. Cretaceous to Holocene structural and stratigraphic development in south Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela, inferred from well and three-dimensional seismic data. AAPG Bulletin, 90(4): 529-565.
Clavijo, J. 1994. Mapa geológico generalizado del Departamento de Norte de Santander. Escala 1:250.00. Memoria Explicativa. Bucaramanga: INGEOMINAS.
Cooney, P.M., and Lorente, M.A. 2009. A structuring event of Campanian age in western Venezuela, interpreted from seismic and paleontological data. Geological Society Special Publications, 328: 687-703.
Corliss, B.H., and Chen, C. 1988. Morphotype patterns of Norwegian Sea deep-sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications. Geology, 16(8): 716-719.
Cushman, J.A., and Hedberg, H.D. 1930. Notes on some foraminifera from Venezuela and Colombia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 6: 64-69.
Cushman, J.A., and Hedberg, H.D. 1941. Upper Cretaceous foraminifera from Santander del Norte, Colombia. Contributions from the Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, 17: 79-100.
De Romero, L.M., and Galea-Alvarez, F.A. 1995. Campanian Bolivinoides and microfacies from Luna Formation, western Venezuela. Marine Micropaleontology, 26(1-4): 385-404.
Dubicka, Z., and Peryt, D. 2016. Bolivinoides (Benthic foraminifera) from the Upper Cretaceous of Poland and western Ukraine: Taxonomy, evolutionary changes and stratigraphic significance. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 46(1): 75-94.
Erlich, R.N., Macsotay, O., Nederbragt, A.J., Palmer-Koleman, S.E., and Lorente, M.A. 1999. Paleoecology, paleogeography, and depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Western Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 153(1-4): 203-238.
Frizzell, D.L. 1954. Handbook of Cretaceous Foraminifera of Texas. University of Texas Press. Austin, 232p.
Gandolfi, R. 1955. The genus Globotruncana in northeastern Colombia. Bulletin of American Paleontology, 30(155): 1-20.
Georgescu, M.D. 2005. On the systematics of rugoglobigerinids (planktonic foraminifera, late Cretaceous). Studia Geologica Polonica, 124: 87-97.
Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., and Ogg, G.M. 2012. The geologic time scale 2012. Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1176p.
Guerrero, J., Sarmiento, G., and Navarrete, R.E. 2000. The Stratigraphy of the W side of the Cretaceous Colombian basin in the Upper Magdalena Valley. Reevaluation of selected areas and type localities including Aipe, Guaduas, Ortega, and Piedras. Geología Colombiana, 25: 45-110.
Hammer, O., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D. 2001. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electrononica, 4(1): 1-9.
Hayek, L.A.C., and Buzas, M.A. 1997. Surveying natural populations. Columbia University Press. Nueva York, 562p.
Hedberg, H.D., and Sass, L.C. 1937. Synopsis of the geologic formations of the western part of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 1(2-4): 73-112.
Jorissen, F.J., De Stigter H.C., and Widmark, J.G.V. 1995. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology, 26(1-4): 3-15.
Jorissen, F.J., Fontanier, C., and Thomas, E. 2007. Paleoceanographical indicators based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics. Developments in Marine Geology, 1: 263-325.
Julivert, M. 1968. Lexique stratigraphique international. Vol 5. Amérique Latine, Fasc. 4a Colombie. Paris, 651p.
Kehrer, L. 1937. Some observations on Cretaceous and Pre-cretaceous beds in the south western and northern-central parts of Venezuela. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 1(2-4): 47-70.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M, and Merrick, K.A. 1986. Foraminiferal paleoenvironments from the Barremian to Maastrichtian of Trinidad, West Indies. I Geological Conference of the Geological Society of Trinidad & Tobago, pp. 85-101.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M., and Hart, M.B. 1990. Cretaceous foraminiferal morphogroup distribution patterns, paleocommunities and trophic structures: A case study from the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences, 81: 221-246.
Koutsoukos, E.A.M. 1992. Late aptian to maastrichtian foraminiferal biogeography and palaeoceanography of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 92(3-4): 295-324.
Kugler, H.G., and Bolli, H.M. 1967. Cretaceous biostratigraphy in Trinidad. Boletín Informativo, Asociación Venezolana de Geología, Minería y Petróleos, 10: 209-236.
Loeblich, A.R. Jr., and Tappan, H. 1988. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, 970p.
Loeblich, A.R. Jr., Tappan, H., Beckmann, J.P., Bolli, H.M., Montarano G.E., and Troelsen, J. 1957. Studies in Foraminifera. Smithsonian Institution. Washington D.C., 323p.
Lugo, J., and Mann, P. 1995. Jurassic–Eocene tectonic evolution of Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. AAPG Memoir, 62: 699-725.
Magurran, A.E. 2004. Measuring Biological Diversity. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford, 260p.
Mann, P., Escalona, A., and Castillo, M.V. 2006. Regional geologic and tectonic setting of the Maracaibo supergiant basin, western Venezuela. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 90(4): 445-477.
Martínez, R. J.I. 1989. Foraminiferal bioestratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the Maastrichtian Colon mudstones of Northern South America. Micropaleontology, 35(2): 97-113.
Martínez, J.I. 2003. The Paleoecology of late Cretaceous upwelling events from the Upper Magdalena Basin, Colombia. Palaios, 18(4-5): 305-320.
Martínez, J.I., and Hernández, R. 1992. Evolution and drowning of the late cretaceous Venezuelan carbonate platform. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 5(2): 197-210.
Murray, J.W. 2006. Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 426p.
Nederbragt, A. 1991. Late Cretaceous biostratigraphy and development of Heterohelicidae (planktic foraminifera). Micropaleontology, 37(4): 329-372.
Notestein, F., Hubman, C., and Bowler, J. 1944. Geology of the Barco Concession, Republic of Colombia, South America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 55(10): 1165-1216.
Parra, M., Moscardelli, L., and Lorente, M.A. 2003. Late Cretaceous anoxia and lateral microfacies changes in the Tres Esquinas Member, La Luna Formation, Western Venezuela. Palaios, 18: 321-333.
Pedraza, P., and Ramírez, Y. 2011. Catatumbo Basin. ANH-Fondo Editorial Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, 135p.
Petters, V. 1955. Development of Upper Cretaceous foraminiferal faunas in Colombia. Journal of Paleontology, 29(2): 212-225.
Premoli Silva, I., and Verga, D. 2011. Practical manual of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera. New Editing by Marie Rose Petrizzo and Isabella Premoli Silva. International School on Planktonic Foraminifera 3rd Course: Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera. Perugia, 1-265.
Renz, O. 1959. Estratigrafía del Cretáceo en Venezuela occidental. Boletín de Geología (Venezuela), 5(10): 3-48.
Sellier de Civrieux, J.M. 1952. Estudio de la microfauna de la sección-tipo del Miembro Socuy de la Formación Colón, Distrito Mara, Estado Zulia. Boletín de Geología y Minas (Venezuela), 2(5): 231-310.
Shannon, C.E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27: 379-423.
Sohn, I.G. 1961. Techniques for preparation and study of fossil ostracodes. In: Moore, R. (Ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part Q, Arthropod 3. Crustacea Ostracoda. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. pp: Q63-Q70.
Sutton, F.A. 1946. Geology of Maracaibo basin, Venezuela. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 30(10): 1621-1739.
Talukdar, S., and Marcano, F. 1994. Petroleum System of the Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela. The petroleum system-from source to trap: American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir, 60: 463-481.
Tchegliakova, N., and Mojica, J. 2001. El Senoniano de la barrera de Girardot-Guataquí, Valle Alto del Magdalena, Colombia: Precisiones sobre la estratigrafía y establecimiento de una zonación micropaleontológica. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 25(94): 37-75.
Thomas, E., Zachos, J.C., and Bralower, T.J. 2000. Deep-sea environments on a warm Earth: latest Paleocene-early Eocene. In: Huber, B., MacLeod, K., and Wing, S. (Eds.). Warm climates in Earth History. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 132-160.
Vergara, L. 1994. Stratigraphic, micropaleontologic and organic geochemical relation in the Cretaceous of the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Giessener Geologische Schriften, 50. Giessen, 179p.
Villamil, T., and Arango, C. 1998. Integrated stratigraphy of latest Cenomanian and early Turonian facies of Colombia. In: Pindell, J., and Drake, C. (Eds.). Paleogeographic evolution and non-glacial eustacy, Northern South American. SEPM Special Publication 58. Tulsa, pp. 129-159.
Villamil, T., Arango, C., and Hay, W.W. 1999. Plate tectonic paleoceanographic hypothesis for the Cretaceous source rocks and cherts of northern South America. In: Barrera, E., and Johnson, C.C. (Eds.). Evolution of the Cretaceous Ocean-Climate System. Geological Society of America, pp. 191-202.
Villamil, T., and Pindell, J. 1998. Mesozoic paleogeographic evolution of northern South America: Foundations for sequence stratigraphic studies in passive margin strata deposited during non-glacial times. In: Pindell, J., and Drake, C. (Eds.). Paleogeographic evolution and non-glacial eustacy, Northern South America. SEPM Special Publication 58. Tulsa, pp. 238-318.
Yepes, O. 2001. Maastrichtian/Danian dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and biogeography from two equatorial sections in Colombia and Venezuela. Palynology, 25: 217-249.