Artículos científicos
Structural styles and stress tensors to the southeast of the Santander Massif (Colombia)
Anny Julieth Forero-Ortega- Francisco Velandia
- Evelin Karina Barragán-Coy
Published 2020-05-28
Keywords
- Slickensides,
- Río Servitá Fault,
- Pamplona Wedge,
- Eastern Cordillera,
- Santander
- Colombia ...More
How to Cite
Forero-Ortega, A. J., Velandia, F., & Barragán-Coy, E. K. (2020). Structural styles and stress tensors to the southeast of the Santander Massif (Colombia). Boletín De Geología, 42(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v42n2-2020007
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Abstract
This work presents an explanation for the deformation generated toward the south of the Río Servitá Fault, especially along with its footwall block. From the analysis of the geological mapping, joints, and stress tensors determined from slickensides, three directions of horizontal maximum compression were obtained in relationship with the influence of regional structures in the zone. The most representative stress tensor is W-E, related to the longitudinal thrust faults such as the Río Servitá Fault, with deformation in a structural style of thick-skinned, that develops in the footwall an inclined synclinal with out-of-syncline thrusts to accommodate deformation from the core of the fold. To the south, the influence of the Bucaramanga Fault is interpreted from the SE-NW stress tensor imposed by the sinistral slip along the transpressive Chicamocha-Soapaga Fault. NW transverse faults are also observed as SW verging thrusts and back-thrust, pop-up structures, all related to a SW-NE stress tensor, which is interpreted as a part of the radial effect from the Pamplona Wedge.
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References
Allmendinger, R.W.; Cardozo, N.C.; Fisher, D. (2012). Structural geology algorithms: Vectors and Tensors. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, E.M. (1951). The Dynamics of Faulting. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
Angelier, J. (1979). Determination of the mean principal directions of stresses for a given fault population. Tectonophysics, 56(3-4), 17-26. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90081-7
Angelier, J. (1994). Fault slip analysis and palaeostress reconstruction. In: P.L. Hancock (eds.). Continental Deformation (pp. 53-100). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Audemard, F.E.; Audemard, F.A. (2002). Structure of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: relations with the south America‐Caribbean geodynamic interaction. Tectonophysics, 345(1-4), 299-327. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00218-9
Barragán-Coy, E.K.; Forero-Ortega, A.J. (2014). Análisis mesoestructural en el corredor aledaño al Río Servitá entre Enciso y el Río Chicamocha, Santander. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Bayona, G.; Cortés, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Ojeda, G.; Aristizabal, J.; Reyes, A. (2007). La deformación pre-Neógena de la Cordillera Oriental definida por depósitos de antepaís. Boletín de Geología, 29(1), 51-59.
Boinet, T.; Bourgois, J.; Mendoza, H.; Vargas, R. (1985). Le Poinçon de Pamplona (Colombie): Un jalon de la frontière meridionale de la plaque Caraïbe. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 8, 403-413.
Caballero, V.; Parra, M.; Mora, A. (2010). Levantamiento de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia durante el Eoceno tardío - Oligoceno temprano: proveniencia sedimentaria en el Sinclinal de Nuevo Mundo, Cuenca del Valle Medio del Magdalena. Boletín de Geología, 32(1), 45-77.
Cardozo, A.M.; Cetina, M.A.; Ibáñez, D.G.; Castro, E.; Villabona, J.J. (2016a). Memoria explicativa mapa geológico de la plancha 136-II escala 1:50.000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Bucaramanga.
Cardozo, A.M.; Cetina, M.A.; Ibáñez, D.G.; Castro, E.; Villabona, J.J.; Patiño, H.; Bejarano, I. (2016b). Mapa geológico de la plancha 136II. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Bucaramanga.
Cediel, F.; Shaw, R.; Cáceres, C. (2003). Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. In: C. Bartolini; R. Buffler; J. Blickwede. (eds.). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation and Plate Tectonics (pp. 815-848). AAPG. Memoir, vol. 79.
Chicangana, G.; Vargas-Jiménes, C.; Kammer, A.; Hernández-Hernández, T.A.; Ochoa-Gutiérrez, L.H. (2007). Caracterización sismotectónica regional preliminar de un sector del Piedemonte Llanero Colombiano: Corredor San Juan de Arama-Cumaral, Meta. Boletín de Geología, 29(1), 61-74.
Colletta, B.; Hebrard, F.; Letouzey, J.; Werner, P.; Rudkiewicz, J. (1990). Tectonic style and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: J. Letouzey (Ed.). Petroleum and Tectonics in Mobile Belts (pp. 81-100). Paris: Editions Technic.
Cooper, M.A.; Addison, F.T.; Alvarez, R.; Coral, M.; Graham, R.H.; Hayward, A.B.; Howe, S.; Martínez, J.; Naar, J.; Peñas, R.; Pulham, A.J.; Taborda, A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10), 1421-1443.
Corredor, F. (2003). Eastward extent of the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene onset of deformation across the northern Andes: constraints from the northern portion of the Eastern Cordillera fold belt, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16(6), 445-457.
Cortés, M.; Angelier, J.; Colletta, B. (2005). Paleostress evolution of the northern Andes (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia): Implications on plate kinematics of the South Caribbean region. Tectonics, 24(1), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2003TC001551
Delvaux, D.; Moeys, R.; Stapel, G.; Petit, C.; Levi, K.; Miroshnichenko, A.; Ruzhich, V.; San’kov, V. (1997). Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region, Central Asia, Part 2. Cenozoic rifting. Tectonophysics, 282(1-4), 1-38. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00210-2
Delvaux, D.; Sperner, B. (2003). New aspects of tectonic stress inversion with reference to the TENSOR program. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 212, 75-100. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.212.01.06
Fabre, A. (1983). La subsidencia de la Cuenca del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia) durante el Cretáceo y el Terciario. Segunda parte: esquema de evolución tectónica. Geología Norandina, 8, 21-27.
Gómez, J.; Nivia, A.; Montes, N.; Jiménez, D.; Tejada, M.; Sepúlveda, M.; Osorio, J.; Gaona, T.; Diederix, H.; Uribe, H.; Mora, M. (2007). Mapa y Atlas Geológico de Colombia, escalas 1:2’800.000, 1:1’000.000 y 1:500.000. INGEOMINAS.
Jiménez, G.; Speranza, F.; Faccenna, C.; Bayona, G.; Mora, A. (2014). Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Evidence for oblique convergence and nonrotational reactivation of a Mesozoic intracontinental rift. Tectonics, 33(11), 2233-2260. doi: 10.1002/2014TC003532
Kammer, A. (1993). Steeply dipping basement fault and associated structures of the Santander Massif, Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes. Geología Colombiana, 18, 47-64.
Kammer, A. (1999). Observaciones acerca de un origen transpresivo de la Cordillera Oriental. Geología Colombiana, 24, 29-53.
Kammer, A.; Mojica, J. (1996). Una comparación de la tectónica de basamento de las Cordilleras Central y Occidental. Geología Colombiana, 20, 93-106.
Mitra, S. (2002). Fold accommodation fault. AAPG Bulletin, 86(4), 671-693.
Mora, A. (2007). Inversion tectonics and exhumation processes in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Potsdam, Potsdam, German.
Mora, A.; Parra, M.; Strecker, M.R.; Kammer, A.; Dimaté, C.; Rodríguez, F. (2006). Cenozoic contractional reactivation of Mesozoic extensional structures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Tectonics, 25(2), 1-19. doi: 10.1029/2005TC001854
Mora, A.; Reyes-Harker, A.; Rodríguez, G.; Tesón, E.; Ramírez-Arias, J.C.; Parra, M.; Caballero, V.; Mora, J.P.; Quintero, I.; Valencia, V.; Ibáñez, M.; Horton, B.; Stockli, D. (2013). Inversion tectonics under increasing rates of shortening and sedimentation: Cenozoic example from the Eastern Cordillera. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 411-442. doi: 10.1144/SP377.6
NASA (2015). Alaska Satellite Facilitiy. Consultado en junio de 2015. https://vertex.daac.asf.alaska.edu/
Nie, J.; Horton, B.K.; Saylor, J.E.; Mora, A.; Mange, M.; Garzione, C.N.; Basu, A.; Moreno, C.J.; Caballero, V.; Parra., M. (2012). Integrated provenance analysis of a convergent retroarc foreland systems: U-Pb ages, heavy minerals, Nd isotopes, and sandstone compositions of the Middle Magdalena Valley basin, northern Andes, Colombia. Earth-Science Reviews, 110(1-4), 111-126. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.11.002
Parra, M.; Mora, A.; Sobel, E.R.; Strecker, M.R.; González, R. (2009). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constraints from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423
Petit, J.P. (1987). Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(5-6), 597-608. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(87)90145-3
Pulido, O.; Gómez, I. (2001). Geología de la Plancha 266. Villavicencio. Memoria explicativa y mapa Geológico escala 1:100.000.
Royero, J.; Clavijo, J. (2001). Mapa geológico generalizado departamento de Santander. Escala 1:400.000. Memoria explicativa. INGEOMINAS.
Sassi, W.; Faure, J.L. (1996). Role of faults and layer interfaces on the spatial variations of stress regime in basins: inferences from numerical modeling. Tectonophysics, 266(1-4), 101-119. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00185-0
Sarmiento-Rojas, L.F.; Van Wess, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006). Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 385-411.
Saylor, J.E.; Horton, B.K.; Stockli, D.F.; Mora, A.; Corredor, J. (2012). Structural and thermochronological evidence for Paleogene basement-involved shortening in the axial Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 202-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.009
Taboada, A.; Rivera, L.; Fuenzalida, A.; Cisternas, A.; Philip, H.; Bijwaard, H.; Olaya, J.; Rivera, C. (2000). Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5), 787-813. doi: 10.1029/2000TC900004
Tesón, E.; Mora, A.; Silva, A.; Namson, J.; Teixell, A.; Castellanos, J.; Casallas, W.; Julivert, M.; Taylor, M.; Ibáñez-Mejía, M.; Valencia, V. (2013). Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. . Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 257-283. doi: 10.1144/SP377.10
Toussaint, J.F.; Restrepo, J.J. (1990). Cronología de las acreciones de terrenos alóctonos en los Andes Colombianos. Symposium International Geodynamique Andine. Grenoble, Francia.
Tripathy, V.; Saha, D. (2013). Plate margin paleostress variations and intracontinental deformations in the evolution of the Cuddapah basin through Proterozoic. Precambrian Research, 235, 107-130. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2013.06.005
Vargas, R.; Arias, A.; Jaramillo, L.; Téllez, N. (1976). Geología de la Plancha 136 - Málaga, escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
Vargas, R.; Arias, A.; Jaramillo, L.; Téllez, N. (1981). Geología del cuadrángulo I-13, Málaga. Boletín Geológico, 24(3), 1-76.
Velandia, F. (2005). Interpretación de transcurrencia de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá a partir de imágenes Landsat TM. Boletín de Geología, 27(1), 81-94.
Velandia, F. (2017). Cinemática de las fallas mayores del Macizo de Santander – énfasis en el modelo estructural y temporalidad al sur de la Falla de Bucaramanga. PhD Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Velandia, F.; Bermúdez, M.A. (2018). The transpressive southern termination of the Bucaramanga fault (Colombia): Insights from geological mapping, stress tensors, and fractal analysis. Journal of Structural Geology, 115, 190-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.07.020
Villagómez, D.; Spikings, R. (2013). Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous-Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160-161, 228-249.
Whattam, S.A.; Stern, R.J. (2015). Late Cretaceous plume-induced subduction initiation along the southern margin of the Caribbean and NW South America: The first documented example with implications for the onset of plate tectonics. Gondwana Research, 27(1), 38-63.
Anderson, E.M. (1951). The Dynamics of Faulting. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
Angelier, J. (1979). Determination of the mean principal directions of stresses for a given fault population. Tectonophysics, 56(3-4), 17-26. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(79)90081-7
Angelier, J. (1994). Fault slip analysis and palaeostress reconstruction. In: P.L. Hancock (eds.). Continental Deformation (pp. 53-100). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Audemard, F.E.; Audemard, F.A. (2002). Structure of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: relations with the south America‐Caribbean geodynamic interaction. Tectonophysics, 345(1-4), 299-327. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00218-9
Barragán-Coy, E.K.; Forero-Ortega, A.J. (2014). Análisis mesoestructural en el corredor aledaño al Río Servitá entre Enciso y el Río Chicamocha, Santander. Tesis, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
Bayona, G.; Cortés, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Ojeda, G.; Aristizabal, J.; Reyes, A. (2007). La deformación pre-Neógena de la Cordillera Oriental definida por depósitos de antepaís. Boletín de Geología, 29(1), 51-59.
Boinet, T.; Bourgois, J.; Mendoza, H.; Vargas, R. (1985). Le Poinçon de Pamplona (Colombie): Un jalon de la frontière meridionale de la plaque Caraïbe. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 8, 403-413.
Caballero, V.; Parra, M.; Mora, A. (2010). Levantamiento de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia durante el Eoceno tardío - Oligoceno temprano: proveniencia sedimentaria en el Sinclinal de Nuevo Mundo, Cuenca del Valle Medio del Magdalena. Boletín de Geología, 32(1), 45-77.
Cardozo, A.M.; Cetina, M.A.; Ibáñez, D.G.; Castro, E.; Villabona, J.J. (2016a). Memoria explicativa mapa geológico de la plancha 136-II escala 1:50.000. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Bucaramanga.
Cardozo, A.M.; Cetina, M.A.; Ibáñez, D.G.; Castro, E.; Villabona, J.J.; Patiño, H.; Bejarano, I. (2016b). Mapa geológico de la plancha 136II. Servicio Geológico Colombiano. Bucaramanga.
Cediel, F.; Shaw, R.; Cáceres, C. (2003). Tectonic assembly of the Northern Andean Block. In: C. Bartolini; R. Buffler; J. Blickwede. (eds.). The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation and Plate Tectonics (pp. 815-848). AAPG. Memoir, vol. 79.
Chicangana, G.; Vargas-Jiménes, C.; Kammer, A.; Hernández-Hernández, T.A.; Ochoa-Gutiérrez, L.H. (2007). Caracterización sismotectónica regional preliminar de un sector del Piedemonte Llanero Colombiano: Corredor San Juan de Arama-Cumaral, Meta. Boletín de Geología, 29(1), 61-74.
Colletta, B.; Hebrard, F.; Letouzey, J.; Werner, P.; Rudkiewicz, J. (1990). Tectonic style and crustal structure of the Eastern Cordillera (Colombia) from a balanced cross-section. In: J. Letouzey (Ed.). Petroleum and Tectonics in Mobile Belts (pp. 81-100). Paris: Editions Technic.
Cooper, M.A.; Addison, F.T.; Alvarez, R.; Coral, M.; Graham, R.H.; Hayward, A.B.; Howe, S.; Martínez, J.; Naar, J.; Peñas, R.; Pulham, A.J.; Taborda, A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. AAPG Bulletin, 79(10), 1421-1443.
Corredor, F. (2003). Eastward extent of the Late Eocene–Early Oligocene onset of deformation across the northern Andes: constraints from the northern portion of the Eastern Cordillera fold belt, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16(6), 445-457.
Cortés, M.; Angelier, J.; Colletta, B. (2005). Paleostress evolution of the northern Andes (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia): Implications on plate kinematics of the South Caribbean region. Tectonics, 24(1), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2003TC001551
Delvaux, D.; Moeys, R.; Stapel, G.; Petit, C.; Levi, K.; Miroshnichenko, A.; Ruzhich, V.; San’kov, V. (1997). Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region, Central Asia, Part 2. Cenozoic rifting. Tectonophysics, 282(1-4), 1-38. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00210-2
Delvaux, D.; Sperner, B. (2003). New aspects of tectonic stress inversion with reference to the TENSOR program. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 212, 75-100. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.212.01.06
Fabre, A. (1983). La subsidencia de la Cuenca del Cocuy (Cordillera Oriental de Colombia) durante el Cretáceo y el Terciario. Segunda parte: esquema de evolución tectónica. Geología Norandina, 8, 21-27.
Gómez, J.; Nivia, A.; Montes, N.; Jiménez, D.; Tejada, M.; Sepúlveda, M.; Osorio, J.; Gaona, T.; Diederix, H.; Uribe, H.; Mora, M. (2007). Mapa y Atlas Geológico de Colombia, escalas 1:2’800.000, 1:1’000.000 y 1:500.000. INGEOMINAS.
Jiménez, G.; Speranza, F.; Faccenna, C.; Bayona, G.; Mora, A. (2014). Paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: Evidence for oblique convergence and nonrotational reactivation of a Mesozoic intracontinental rift. Tectonics, 33(11), 2233-2260. doi: 10.1002/2014TC003532
Kammer, A. (1993). Steeply dipping basement fault and associated structures of the Santander Massif, Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes. Geología Colombiana, 18, 47-64.
Kammer, A. (1999). Observaciones acerca de un origen transpresivo de la Cordillera Oriental. Geología Colombiana, 24, 29-53.
Kammer, A.; Mojica, J. (1996). Una comparación de la tectónica de basamento de las Cordilleras Central y Occidental. Geología Colombiana, 20, 93-106.
Mitra, S. (2002). Fold accommodation fault. AAPG Bulletin, 86(4), 671-693.
Mora, A. (2007). Inversion tectonics and exhumation processes in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Potsdam, Potsdam, German.
Mora, A.; Parra, M.; Strecker, M.R.; Kammer, A.; Dimaté, C.; Rodríguez, F. (2006). Cenozoic contractional reactivation of Mesozoic extensional structures in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Tectonics, 25(2), 1-19. doi: 10.1029/2005TC001854
Mora, A.; Reyes-Harker, A.; Rodríguez, G.; Tesón, E.; Ramírez-Arias, J.C.; Parra, M.; Caballero, V.; Mora, J.P.; Quintero, I.; Valencia, V.; Ibáñez, M.; Horton, B.; Stockli, D. (2013). Inversion tectonics under increasing rates of shortening and sedimentation: Cenozoic example from the Eastern Cordillera. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 411-442. doi: 10.1144/SP377.6
NASA (2015). Alaska Satellite Facilitiy. Consultado en junio de 2015. https://vertex.daac.asf.alaska.edu/
Nie, J.; Horton, B.K.; Saylor, J.E.; Mora, A.; Mange, M.; Garzione, C.N.; Basu, A.; Moreno, C.J.; Caballero, V.; Parra., M. (2012). Integrated provenance analysis of a convergent retroarc foreland systems: U-Pb ages, heavy minerals, Nd isotopes, and sandstone compositions of the Middle Magdalena Valley basin, northern Andes, Colombia. Earth-Science Reviews, 110(1-4), 111-126. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.11.002
Parra, M.; Mora, A.; Sobel, E.R.; Strecker, M.R.; González, R. (2009). Episodic orogenic front migration in the northern Andes: Constraints from low-temperature thermochronology in the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Tectonics, 28(4), 1-27. doi: 10.1029/2008TC002423
Petit, J.P. (1987). Criteria for the sense of movement on fault surfaces in brittle rocks. Journal of Structural Geology, 9(5-6), 597-608. doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(87)90145-3
Pulido, O.; Gómez, I. (2001). Geología de la Plancha 266. Villavicencio. Memoria explicativa y mapa Geológico escala 1:100.000.
Royero, J.; Clavijo, J. (2001). Mapa geológico generalizado departamento de Santander. Escala 1:400.000. Memoria explicativa. INGEOMINAS.
Sassi, W.; Faure, J.L. (1996). Role of faults and layer interfaces on the spatial variations of stress regime in basins: inferences from numerical modeling. Tectonophysics, 266(1-4), 101-119. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00185-0
Sarmiento-Rojas, L.F.; Van Wess, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006). Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 21(4), 385-411.
Saylor, J.E.; Horton, B.K.; Stockli, D.F.; Mora, A.; Corredor, J. (2012). Structural and thermochronological evidence for Paleogene basement-involved shortening in the axial Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 39, 202-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2012.04.009
Taboada, A.; Rivera, L.; Fuenzalida, A.; Cisternas, A.; Philip, H.; Bijwaard, H.; Olaya, J.; Rivera, C. (2000). Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia). Tectonics, 19(5), 787-813. doi: 10.1029/2000TC900004
Tesón, E.; Mora, A.; Silva, A.; Namson, J.; Teixell, A.; Castellanos, J.; Casallas, W.; Julivert, M.; Taylor, M.; Ibáñez-Mejía, M.; Valencia, V. (2013). Relationship of Mesozoic graben development, stress, shortening magnitude, and structural style in the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. . Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 377, 257-283. doi: 10.1144/SP377.10
Toussaint, J.F.; Restrepo, J.J. (1990). Cronología de las acreciones de terrenos alóctonos en los Andes Colombianos. Symposium International Geodynamique Andine. Grenoble, Francia.
Tripathy, V.; Saha, D. (2013). Plate margin paleostress variations and intracontinental deformations in the evolution of the Cuddapah basin through Proterozoic. Precambrian Research, 235, 107-130. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2013.06.005
Vargas, R.; Arias, A.; Jaramillo, L.; Téllez, N. (1976). Geología de la Plancha 136 - Málaga, escala 1:100.000. INGEOMINAS.
Vargas, R.; Arias, A.; Jaramillo, L.; Téllez, N. (1981). Geología del cuadrángulo I-13, Málaga. Boletín Geológico, 24(3), 1-76.
Velandia, F. (2005). Interpretación de transcurrencia de las fallas Soapaga y Boyacá a partir de imágenes Landsat TM. Boletín de Geología, 27(1), 81-94.
Velandia, F. (2017). Cinemática de las fallas mayores del Macizo de Santander – énfasis en el modelo estructural y temporalidad al sur de la Falla de Bucaramanga. PhD Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
Velandia, F.; Bermúdez, M.A. (2018). The transpressive southern termination of the Bucaramanga fault (Colombia): Insights from geological mapping, stress tensors, and fractal analysis. Journal of Structural Geology, 115, 190-207. doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.07.020
Villagómez, D.; Spikings, R. (2013). Thermochronology and tectonics of the Central and Western Cordilleras of Colombia: Early Cretaceous-Tertiary evolution of the Northern Andes. Lithos, 160-161, 228-249.
Whattam, S.A.; Stern, R.J. (2015). Late Cretaceous plume-induced subduction initiation along the southern margin of the Caribbean and NW South America: The first documented example with implications for the onset of plate tectonics. Gondwana Research, 27(1), 38-63.