Artículos
Effects of Music on Prosocial and Anomic Behavior
Roberto Carlos Luján Villar- Juan David Luján Villar
Published 2019-12-03
Keywords
- Violence,
- listening Music,
- popular Music,
- health promotion
How to Cite
Luján Villar, R. C., & Luján Villar, J. D. (2019). Effects of Music on Prosocial and Anomic Behavior. Cambios Y Permanencias, 10(2), 271–304. Retrieved from https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistacyp/article/view/10205
Abstract
This study aims to establish a homology between musical listening and differentiated social behaviors in two public spaces of entertainment. For this an review of the events of homicidal violence occurred in Colombian clubs in the last three decades, analyzed comparatively with behaviors developed in auditions salsa in Cali, Colombia was made, this was complemented by an ethnographic perspective on the melómanos from Cali (Luján, 2012), and an interdisciplinary theoretical approach. As a result it was found that music-violence relationship requires thinking in building an environment conducive to coexistence, tied to the imperatives of citizen behavior and health perspective, through health promotion of their wider strategies. It is concluded that the exposed data allow associating the musical listening, with the incidence in certain behaviors of the people. The findings suggest that musical listening specifically affects the prosocial or anomic behaviors manifested, according to analysis systems discotheques and record salsa auditions.
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References
Bibliografía
Anderson, C.A., Carnagey, N. y Eubanks, J. (2003). Exposure to Violent Media: The effects of Songs with Violent Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp. 960-971. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.960.
Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, R., Johnson, J., Linz, D., Malamuth, D. y Wartella E. (2003). The Influence of Media Violence on Youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, pp. 81-110. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x.
Areni, C. y Kim, D. (1993). The Influence of Background Music on Shopping Behavior: Classical versus Top-Forty Music in a Wine Store. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, pp. 336-340. Recuperado de http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/7467/volumes/v20/NA-20.
Bang, C., Stolkiner, A. y Corín, M. (2016). Cuando la alegría entra al centro de salud: una experiencia de promoción de salud en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 20(57), pp. 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622015.0582.
Brown, A.S. y Novak, J.L. (2007). Assessing the Intrinsic Impacts of a Live Performance. Fairfield, CT: Wolf Brown.
Brown, S. (2006). Introduction: “How Does Music Work? Toward a Pragmatics of Musical Communication”. En Brown S. y Volgsten, U. (Eds.). Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music (pp. 1-28). New York, London: Berghahn Books.
Bergh, A. y Sloboda, J. (2010). Music and Art in Conflict Transformation. Music and Arts in Action, 2(2). Recuperado de http://musicandartsinaction.net/index.php/maia/article/view/conflicttransformation.
Brown, S. y Volgsten, U. (Eds.) (2006). Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music. New York, London: Berghahn Books.
Bushman, B. J. (1998). Priming Effects of Violent Media on the Accessibility of Aggressive Constructs in Memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, pp. 537-545. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298245009.
Carvalho, S.R. (2008). Promoción de la Salud, "empowerment" y educación: una reflexión crítica como contribución a la reforma sanitaria. Salud Colectiva, 4(3), pp. 335-347. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1851-82652008000300006.
Clark, S. y Giacomantonio, S.G. (2013). Music Preferences and Empathy: Toward Predicting Prosocial Behavior. Psychomusicology; Music, Mind, and Brain, 23(3), pp. 177-186. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034882.
Clark, S. y Giacomantonio, S.G. (2015). Toward Predicting Prosocial Behavior: Music Preference and Empathy Differences Between Adolescents and Adults. Empirical Musicology Review, 10(1), pp. 50-65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i1-2.4602.
Dahlberg, L.L. y Krug, E.G. (2003). La violencia, un problema mundial de salud pública. En Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B. y Lozano, R. (eds.). Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud (pp. 1-23). Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
Dang, S., Vigon, D. y Abdul-Adil, J. (2014). Exploring the Healing Powers of Hip-Hop: Increasing Therapeutic Efficacy, Utilizing the Hip-Hop Culture as an Alternative Platform for Expression, Connection. En Porfilio, B.D., Roychoudhury y L.M. Gardner (eds.). See You at the Crossroads: Hip Hop Scholarship at the Intersections. Dialectical Harmony, Ethics, Aesthetics, and Panoply of Voices (pp. 169-180). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-674-5_10.
Decety, J., Michalska, K., Akitsuki, Y. y Lahey, B. (2009). Atypical Empathic Responses in Adolescents with Aggressive Conduct Disorder: A functional MRI investigation. Biological Psychology, 80, pp. 203-211. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.09.004.
De Salazar, L. (2009). Efectividad en promoción de la salud y salud pública. Cali: Universidad del Valle.
Fischer, P. y Greitemeyer, T. (2006). Music and Aggression. The Impact of Sexual–Aggressive Song Lyrics on Aggression-Related Thoughts, Emotions and Behavior Toward the Same and the Opposite Sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, pp. 1165−1176. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288670.
Gan, S, Zillman, D. y Mitrook, M. (1997). Stereotyping Effect of Black Women’s Sexual Rap on White Audiences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19: pp. 381–399. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1903_7.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Greitemeyer, T. (2009a). Effects of Songs with Prosocial Lyrics on Prosocial Thoughts, Affect, and Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, pp. 186-190. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.003.
Greitemeyer, T. (2009b). Effects of Songs with Prosocial Lyrics on Prosocial Behavior: Further Evidence and a Mediating Mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, pp. 1500-1511.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341648.
Greitemeyer, T. y Schwab, A. (2014). Employing Music Exposure to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination. Aggressive Behavior, 40, pp. 542-551. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21531.
Hall, P.C., West, J. y Hill, S. (2012). Sexualization in Lyrics of Popular Music from 1959 to 2009: Implications for Sexuality Educators. Sexuality & Culture, 16, pp. 103–117. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011-9103-4.
Hejtmanek, K.R. (2015). Friendship, Love, and Hip Hop: Ethnography of African American Men in Psychiatric Custody. London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137544735.
Johnson, J. D., Trawalter, S. y Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Converging interracial consequences of exposure to violent rap music on stereotypical attributions of Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, pp. 233–251. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X08005293.
Juslin, P.N. y Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional Responses to Music: the Need to Consider Underlying Mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, pp. 559-575. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X08005293.
Koelsch, S. (2012). Brain and Music. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A. Zwi, A. B. y Lozano, R. (Eds.) (2003). Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud. Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
LaMarre, H., Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. y Hoplamazian, G. (2012). Does the Music Matter? Examining Differential Effects of Music Genre on Support for Ethnic Groups. Journal of Electronic Media and Broadcasting, 56, 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.648683.
Liebmann, M. (Ed.) (1996). Arts Approaches to Conflict. London and New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Llorente, M.V. Echandía, C., Escobedo, R. y Rubio, M. (2001). Violencia homicida y estructuras criminales. Análisis Político, 44, pp. 17-38.
Luján, Villar, J.D. (2016). Escenarios de no-guerra: el papel de la música en la transformación de sociedades en conflicto. Revista CS, 19, pp. 167-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i19.2171
Luján, Villar, R.C. (2012). Las audiciones de salsa en Cali. Caracterizaciones sociológicas. Cali: Luján Editores.
McCarthy, K.F., Ondaatje, E.H., Zakaras, L. y Brooks, A. (2004). Gifts of the muse: Reframing the debate about the benefit of the arts. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Martin, G., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P., CLARKE, M. y Pearce, C. (1993). Adolescent Suicide: Music Preference as an Indicator of Vulnerability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, pp. 530-535. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199305000-00007.
Martino, S. C., Collins, R., Elliott, M., Strachman, A., Kanouse, D. y Berry, S. (2006). Exposure to Degrading Versus Nondegrading Music Lyrics and Sexual Behavior Among Youth. Pediatrics, 118, pp. 430-441. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0131.
Marthe, A. M., Tello, J. E. y Moreno, S. L. (2015). Comportamiento del homicidio. Colombia 2014. Forensis 2014 Datos para la Vida, 16, pp. 92-128.
Mockus, A. (1998). Un programa con buenos resultados en seguridad ciudadana adelantado en Bogotá de 1995 a 1997. En Participación Ciudadana, Gobernabilidad y Cultura de la Paz. Seminario Internacional Gobierno Federal de México, UNESCO, México D.F., México.
Mulder, J., ter Bogt, T., Raaijmakers, Q. y Vollebergh, W. (2007). Music Taste Groups and Problem Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, pp. 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9090-1.
Patel, A. (2008). Music, Language, and the Brain. Oxford University Press.
Polzella, D. y Forbis, J. (2014). Relationships Between Traditional Music Audience Participation and Pro-social Behaviors. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 32, pp. 109-120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/EM.32.1g.
Ramírez, López, A.A. (2012). ¡Hoy es noche de antro! La discoteca como espacio productor de diferenciación social entre los jóvenes de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Gazeta de Antropología, 28(1). Recuperado de http://www.gazeta-antropologia.es/?p=90.
Rentfrow, P.J. y Gosling, S.D. (2003). The Do‐Re‐Mi’s of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp. 1236-1256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1236.
Rentfrow, P.J. (2012). The Role of Music in Everyday Life: Current Directions in the Social Psychology of Music. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6/5, pp. 402-416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00434.x.
Rentfrow, P.J., Goldberg, L.R. y Levitin, D.J. (2011). The Structure of Musical Preferences: A Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022406.
Robledo-Martínez, R. y Agudelo-Calderón, C.A. (2011). Aproximación a la construcción teórica de la promoción de la salud. Salud Pública, 13(6), pp. 1031-1050. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642011000600015.
Rudman, L. y Lee, M. (2002). Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, pp. 133-150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430202005002541.
Timmerman, L., Mike, A., Jorgensen, J., Herrett‐Skjellum, J., Kramer, J., M. y Ryan, D. (2008). A Review and Meta‐Analysis Examining the Relationship of Music Content With Sex, Race, Priming, and Attitudes. Communication Quarterly, 56, pp. 303-324. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370802240932.
Tulving, E. (1999). Episodic vs. Semantic Memory. En Wilson, Robert A. y Keil, Frank C. (eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (pp. 278-280). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. En Tulving, E. y Donaldson, W. (eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-402). New York: Academic Press.
Wells, A. y Hakanen, E. (1991). The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents. Journalism Quarterly, 68, pp. 445-454. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909106800315.
World Health Organization (1998). Glosario Promoción de la Salud. Whashington: Ed. OPS.
Zatorre, R. (2005). Music, the Food of Neuroscience? Nature, 434, pp. 312-315. Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/434312a.
Anderson, C.A., Carnagey, N. y Eubanks, J. (2003). Exposure to Violent Media: The effects of Songs with Violent Lyrics on Aggressive Thoughts and Feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp. 960-971. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.960.
Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, R., Johnson, J., Linz, D., Malamuth, D. y Wartella E. (2003). The Influence of Media Violence on Youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, pp. 81-110. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2003.pspi_1433.x.
Areni, C. y Kim, D. (1993). The Influence of Background Music on Shopping Behavior: Classical versus Top-Forty Music in a Wine Store. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, pp. 336-340. Recuperado de http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/7467/volumes/v20/NA-20.
Bang, C., Stolkiner, A. y Corín, M. (2016). Cuando la alegría entra al centro de salud: una experiencia de promoción de salud en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 20(57), pp. 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-57622015.0582.
Brown, A.S. y Novak, J.L. (2007). Assessing the Intrinsic Impacts of a Live Performance. Fairfield, CT: Wolf Brown.
Brown, S. (2006). Introduction: “How Does Music Work? Toward a Pragmatics of Musical Communication”. En Brown S. y Volgsten, U. (Eds.). Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music (pp. 1-28). New York, London: Berghahn Books.
Bergh, A. y Sloboda, J. (2010). Music and Art in Conflict Transformation. Music and Arts in Action, 2(2). Recuperado de http://musicandartsinaction.net/index.php/maia/article/view/conflicttransformation.
Brown, S. y Volgsten, U. (Eds.) (2006). Music and Manipulation: On the Social Uses and Social Control of Music. New York, London: Berghahn Books.
Bushman, B. J. (1998). Priming Effects of Violent Media on the Accessibility of Aggressive Constructs in Memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, pp. 537-545. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298245009.
Carvalho, S.R. (2008). Promoción de la Salud, "empowerment" y educación: una reflexión crítica como contribución a la reforma sanitaria. Salud Colectiva, 4(3), pp. 335-347. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1851-82652008000300006.
Clark, S. y Giacomantonio, S.G. (2013). Music Preferences and Empathy: Toward Predicting Prosocial Behavior. Psychomusicology; Music, Mind, and Brain, 23(3), pp. 177-186. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034882.
Clark, S. y Giacomantonio, S.G. (2015). Toward Predicting Prosocial Behavior: Music Preference and Empathy Differences Between Adolescents and Adults. Empirical Musicology Review, 10(1), pp. 50-65. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v10i1-2.4602.
Dahlberg, L.L. y Krug, E.G. (2003). La violencia, un problema mundial de salud pública. En Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B. y Lozano, R. (eds.). Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud (pp. 1-23). Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
Dang, S., Vigon, D. y Abdul-Adil, J. (2014). Exploring the Healing Powers of Hip-Hop: Increasing Therapeutic Efficacy, Utilizing the Hip-Hop Culture as an Alternative Platform for Expression, Connection. En Porfilio, B.D., Roychoudhury y L.M. Gardner (eds.). See You at the Crossroads: Hip Hop Scholarship at the Intersections. Dialectical Harmony, Ethics, Aesthetics, and Panoply of Voices (pp. 169-180). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6209-674-5_10.
Decety, J., Michalska, K., Akitsuki, Y. y Lahey, B. (2009). Atypical Empathic Responses in Adolescents with Aggressive Conduct Disorder: A functional MRI investigation. Biological Psychology, 80, pp. 203-211. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.09.004.
De Salazar, L. (2009). Efectividad en promoción de la salud y salud pública. Cali: Universidad del Valle.
Fischer, P. y Greitemeyer, T. (2006). Music and Aggression. The Impact of Sexual–Aggressive Song Lyrics on Aggression-Related Thoughts, Emotions and Behavior Toward the Same and the Opposite Sex. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, pp. 1165−1176. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206288670.
Gan, S, Zillman, D. y Mitrook, M. (1997). Stereotyping Effect of Black Women’s Sexual Rap on White Audiences. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19: pp. 381–399. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1903_7.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.
Greitemeyer, T. (2009a). Effects of Songs with Prosocial Lyrics on Prosocial Thoughts, Affect, and Behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, pp. 186-190. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.003.
Greitemeyer, T. (2009b). Effects of Songs with Prosocial Lyrics on Prosocial Behavior: Further Evidence and a Mediating Mechanism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, pp. 1500-1511.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209341648.
Greitemeyer, T. y Schwab, A. (2014). Employing Music Exposure to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination. Aggressive Behavior, 40, pp. 542-551. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21531.
Hall, P.C., West, J. y Hill, S. (2012). Sexualization in Lyrics of Popular Music from 1959 to 2009: Implications for Sexuality Educators. Sexuality & Culture, 16, pp. 103–117. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011-9103-4.
Hejtmanek, K.R. (2015). Friendship, Love, and Hip Hop: Ethnography of African American Men in Psychiatric Custody. London, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137544735.
Johnson, J. D., Trawalter, S. y Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Converging interracial consequences of exposure to violent rap music on stereotypical attributions of Blacks. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, pp. 233–251. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X08005293.
Juslin, P.N. y Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional Responses to Music: the Need to Consider Underlying Mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, pp. 559-575. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X08005293.
Koelsch, S. (2012). Brain and Music. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A. Zwi, A. B. y Lozano, R. (Eds.) (2003). Informe mundial sobre la violencia y la salud. Washington, D.C.: Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
LaMarre, H., Knobloch‐Westerwick, S. y Hoplamazian, G. (2012). Does the Music Matter? Examining Differential Effects of Music Genre on Support for Ethnic Groups. Journal of Electronic Media and Broadcasting, 56, 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.648683.
Liebmann, M. (Ed.) (1996). Arts Approaches to Conflict. London and New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Llorente, M.V. Echandía, C., Escobedo, R. y Rubio, M. (2001). Violencia homicida y estructuras criminales. Análisis Político, 44, pp. 17-38.
Luján, Villar, J.D. (2016). Escenarios de no-guerra: el papel de la música en la transformación de sociedades en conflicto. Revista CS, 19, pp. 167-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18046/recs.i19.2171
Luján, Villar, R.C. (2012). Las audiciones de salsa en Cali. Caracterizaciones sociológicas. Cali: Luján Editores.
McCarthy, K.F., Ondaatje, E.H., Zakaras, L. y Brooks, A. (2004). Gifts of the muse: Reframing the debate about the benefit of the arts. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Martin, G., F.R.A.N.Z.C.P., CLARKE, M. y Pearce, C. (1993). Adolescent Suicide: Music Preference as an Indicator of Vulnerability. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, pp. 530-535. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199305000-00007.
Martino, S. C., Collins, R., Elliott, M., Strachman, A., Kanouse, D. y Berry, S. (2006). Exposure to Degrading Versus Nondegrading Music Lyrics and Sexual Behavior Among Youth. Pediatrics, 118, pp. 430-441. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0131.
Marthe, A. M., Tello, J. E. y Moreno, S. L. (2015). Comportamiento del homicidio. Colombia 2014. Forensis 2014 Datos para la Vida, 16, pp. 92-128.
Mockus, A. (1998). Un programa con buenos resultados en seguridad ciudadana adelantado en Bogotá de 1995 a 1997. En Participación Ciudadana, Gobernabilidad y Cultura de la Paz. Seminario Internacional Gobierno Federal de México, UNESCO, México D.F., México.
Mulder, J., ter Bogt, T., Raaijmakers, Q. y Vollebergh, W. (2007). Music Taste Groups and Problem Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, pp. 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9090-1.
Patel, A. (2008). Music, Language, and the Brain. Oxford University Press.
Polzella, D. y Forbis, J. (2014). Relationships Between Traditional Music Audience Participation and Pro-social Behaviors. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 32, pp. 109-120. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/EM.32.1g.
Ramírez, López, A.A. (2012). ¡Hoy es noche de antro! La discoteca como espacio productor de diferenciación social entre los jóvenes de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Gazeta de Antropología, 28(1). Recuperado de http://www.gazeta-antropologia.es/?p=90.
Rentfrow, P.J. y Gosling, S.D. (2003). The Do‐Re‐Mi’s of Everyday Life: The Structure and Personality Correlates of Music Preferences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp. 1236-1256. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1236.
Rentfrow, P.J. (2012). The Role of Music in Everyday Life: Current Directions in the Social Psychology of Music. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6/5, pp. 402-416. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00434.x.
Rentfrow, P.J., Goldberg, L.R. y Levitin, D.J. (2011). The Structure of Musical Preferences: A Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022406.
Robledo-Martínez, R. y Agudelo-Calderón, C.A. (2011). Aproximación a la construcción teórica de la promoción de la salud. Salud Pública, 13(6), pp. 1031-1050. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0124-00642011000600015.
Rudman, L. y Lee, M. (2002). Implicit and Explicit Consequences of Exposure to Violent and Misogynous Rap Music. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, pp. 133-150. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430202005002541.
Timmerman, L., Mike, A., Jorgensen, J., Herrett‐Skjellum, J., Kramer, J., M. y Ryan, D. (2008). A Review and Meta‐Analysis Examining the Relationship of Music Content With Sex, Race, Priming, and Attitudes. Communication Quarterly, 56, pp. 303-324. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370802240932.
Tulving, E. (1999). Episodic vs. Semantic Memory. En Wilson, Robert A. y Keil, Frank C. (eds.), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (pp. 278-280). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. En Tulving, E. y Donaldson, W. (eds.), Organization of memory (pp. 381-402). New York: Academic Press.
Wells, A. y Hakanen, E. (1991). The Emotional Use of Popular Music by Adolescents. Journalism Quarterly, 68, pp. 445-454. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909106800315.
World Health Organization (1998). Glosario Promoción de la Salud. Whashington: Ed. OPS.
Zatorre, R. (2005). Music, the Food of Neuroscience? Nature, 434, pp. 312-315. Doi : https://doi.org/10.1038/434312a.