Vol. 23 No. 2 (2024): July - December
Articles

A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Reasons

Kenneth Einar Himma
Universidad de Zagreb, Croacia
Bio
Kevin Valdivieso
Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia

Published 2024-07-23

Keywords

  • Taxonomy,
  • kind of reasons,
  • theorical reasoning,
  • practical reasoning,
  • legal normativity

How to Cite

Himma, K. E., & Valdivieso, K. (2024). A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Reasons. Revista Filosofía UIS, 23(2), 29–52. https://doi.org/10.18273/revfil.v23n2-2024007

Abstract

This essay attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the various kinds of reasons regarding theoretical and practical reasoning.  It distinguishes the following kinds of reason: (1) epistemic and practical reasons; (2) source-based and content-based reasons; (3) defeasible and conclusive reasons; (4) motivating, explanatory, and justifying reasons; (5) objective and subjective reasons; (6) first-order and second-order reasons; (7) inclusionary and exclusionary reasons; and (8) intrinsic and instrumental reasons.  These distinctions are then applied to the problem of explaining legal normativity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Adams, R. (1987). The Virtue of Faith and others Essays in Philosophical Theology. Oxford University Press.
  2. Alvarez, M. (2017). Reasons for Action: Justification, Motivation and Explanation. En E. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=reasons-just-vs-expl
  3. Bratman, M. (1987). Intention, Plans and Practical Reason. Harvard University Press.
  4. Brunero, J. (2022). Practical Reasonns, Theoretical Reasons, and Permissive and Prohibitive Balancing. Synthese, 200(22), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03628-8
  5. Bonjour, L. y Sosa, E. (2003). Epistemic Justification: Internalism vs. Externalism, Foundations vs. Virtues. Wiley-Blackwell.
  6. Cambridge English Dictionary (2024). Dictionary. Cambridge University Press & Assessment. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/guide
  7. Campbell, R. (2019). Moral Epistemology. En E. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=moral-epistemology
  8. Comesaña, M. (1992). Putnam: los cerebros en la cubeta y el realismo interno. Páginas de Filosofía, 2(1), 18-23. https://revele.uncoma.edu.ar/index.php/filosofia/article/view/571
  9. Copi, I., Cohen, C., y Rodych, V. (2019). Introduction to logic. Taylor & Francis.
  10. Copp, D. y Morton, J. (2022). Normativity in Metaethics. En E. Zalta (ed.). Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=normativity-metaethics
  11. Crisp, R. (2018). Prudential and Moral Reasons. En D. Star (ed.). The Oxford Handbook Of Reasons And Normativity. Oxford University Press.
  12. Dancy, J. (2000). Practical Reality. Clarendon Press.
  13. Dworkin, R. (1986). Law’s Empire. Harvard University Press.
  14. Edmundson, W. (1998). Legitimate Authority without Political Obligation, Law and Philosophy, 17(1), 43-60.
  15. Finnis, J. (1996). The Truth in legal Positivism. En P. George (ed.). The Autonomy of Law. Clarendon Press.
  16. Finnis, J. (2020). Natural Law Theories. En E. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Law. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-theories/#LexIniNonEstLexDoSerUnjLawBinLeg
  17. Frankena, W. (1966). The concept of Morality, Journal of philosophy, 63(21). 688-696.
  18. Harman, G. (2004). Practical Aspects of Theoretical Reasoning. En A. Mele y P. Rawling (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Rationality. University Press.
  19. Harman, R. (1986). Change in View. MIT Press.
  20. Hart, H.L.A. (1958). Legal and Moral Obligations. En A.I. Melden (ed.). Essays on Moral Philosophy. University of Washington Press.
  21. Hart, H.L.A. (1982). Commands and Autoritative Legal Reasons. En H.L.A Hart. Essays in Bentham. Clarendon Press.
  22. Hart, H.L.A. (1998). El concepto de derecho (G. Carrió, trad.). Abeledo Perrot.
  23. Hume, D. (1984). Tratado de la Naturaleza Humana III (F. Duque, trad.). Ediciones Orbis.
  24. Kaplan, D. (1989). Demonstratives. En J. Almog, J. Perry, y H. Wettstein (eds.). Themes From Kaplan. Oxford University Press, pp. 481-563.
  25. McNaughton, D. y Rawling, P. (2018). Motivating Reasons and Normative Reasons. En D. Star (ed.). The Oxford Handbook Of Reasons And Normativity. Oxford University Press.
  26. Merriam-Webster (2024). Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Inc. https://www.merriam webster.com/
  27. Oxford English Dictionary (2024). Dictionary. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/dictionary/guide_n?tab=factsheet#2304997
  28. Raz, J. (1986). The Morality of Freedom. Clarendon Press.
  29. Raz, J. (2009). Can There Be a Theory of Law? En J. Raz. Between Authority and Interpretation. Oxford University Press.
  30. Ryan, R., y Deci, E. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1) 55-67.
  31. Shapiro, S. (2014). Legalidad (D. Papayannis y L. Lorena, trads.). Marcial Pons.
  32. Swinburne, R. (2001). Epistemic Justification. Clarendon Press.
  33. Trigos, L. (2009). Revisión de los conceptos contexto y circunstancia en la teoría de referencia directa para indexicales de D. Kaplan, Discusiones filosóficas, 10(15), 13-22. https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/view/659
  34. Wodak, D. (2017). Can Objectivists Account for Subjective Reasons?, Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 12(3), 259-279.