Articles
Non-linear controller for storage systems with regulated output voltage and safe current slew-rate for the battery
Carlos Andrés Ramos-Paja- Juan David Bastidas-Rodríguez
Published 2020-05-26
Keywords
- battery,
- capacitor,
- buck/boost converter,
- current slew-rate,
- sliding-mode control
How to Cite
Ramos-Paja, C. A., Bastidas-Rodríguez, J. D., & González-Montoya, D. (2020). Non-linear controller for storage systems with regulated output voltage and safe current slew-rate for the battery. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 19(3), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n3-2020012
Copyright (c) 2020 Revista UIS Ingenierías
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This paper proposes a non-linear control structure for a hybrid energy storage system with a series architecture, which regulates the voltage of a DC bus (output voltage) and ensures that the battery current fulfills the current slew-rate restriction. The proposed solution has two stages, in the first one, the battery is connected to a buck/boost converter that feeds an auxiliary capacitor. In the second stage, the auxiliary capacitor is connected to a DC bus through a second buck/boost converter. Both converters are regulated using cascaded control systems, where the inner loops are slidingmode controllers of the inductors’ current, and the outer loops in the first and second converter are designed to limit the slew-rate of the battery current and to regulate the dc bus voltage, respectively. The paper provides the design procedure for the controllers and validates its performance with simulation results for the power system operating in charging, discharging and stand-by modes.
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References
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[28] M. Soltani, J. Ronsmans, S. Kakihara, J. Jaguemont, P. Van den Bossche, J. van Mierlo, N. Omar, “Hybrid Battery/LithiumIon Capacitor Energy Storage System for a Pure Electric Bus for an Urban Transportation Application,” Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 1176, 2018.
[29] B. Wang, J. Xu, R. J. Wai, B. Cao, “Adaptive Sliding-Mode with Hysteresis Control Strategy for Simple Multimode Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1404–1414, 2017.
[30] J. Li, A. M. Gee, M. Zhang, W. Yuan, “Analysis of battery lifetime extension in a smes-battery hybrid energy storage system using a novel battery lifetime model,” Energy, vol. 86, pp. 175 – 185, 2015.
[31] G. Ning, B. Haran, B. N. Popov, “Capacity fade study of lithium-ion batteries cycled at high discharge rates,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 160 – 169, 2003.
[32] R. Han, M. Tucci, A. Martinelli, J. M. Guerrero, G. FerrariTrecate, “Stability Analysis of Primary Plug-and-Play and Secondary Leader-Based Controllers for DC Microgrid Clusters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1780–1800, 2019.
[33] T. Siew-Chong, L. Yuk-Ming, T. Chi-Kong, Sliding Mode Control of Switching Power Converters: Techniques and Implementation. Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press, 2017.
[34] H. Sira-Ramirez, “Sliding Motions in Bilinear Switched Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 919–933, 1987.
[35] H. Zhou, T. Bhattacharya, D. Tran, T. S. T. Siew, A. M. Khambadkone, “Composite Energy Storage System Involving Battery and Ultracapacitor With Dynamic Energy Management in Microgrid Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923–930, 2011.
[36] Ke Jin, Mengxiong Yang, Xinbo Ruan, and Min Xu, “ThreeLevel Bidirectional Converter for Fuel-Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1976–1986, 2010.
[2] S. Hajiaghasi, A. Salemnia, M. Hamzeh, “Hybrid energy storage system for microgrids applications: A review,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 21, no. 2018, pp. 543–570, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2018.12.017
[3] X. Chang, Y. Li, W. Zhang, N. Wang, W. Xue, “Active Disturbance Rejection Control for a Flywheel Energy Storage System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 991– 1001, 2015.
[4] C. A. Ramos-Paja, J. D. Bastidas-Rodríguez, D. González, S. Acevedo, J. Peláez-Restrepo, “Design and Control of a Buck/A ¸SBoost Charger-Discharger for DC-Bus Regulation in Microgrids,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1–26, 2017.
[5] W. Jing, C. H. Lai, W. S. Wong, M. L. Wong, “Dynamic power allocation of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage for standalone PV microgrid applications,” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 22, pp. 55–64, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.seta.2017.07.001
[6] R. Georgious, J. Garcia, P. Garcia, and M. Sumner, “Analysis of hybrid energy storage systems with DC link fault ride-through capability,” in ECCE 2016 - IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Proceedings, 2016, pp. 1–8.
[7] R. Sedaghati, M. R. Shakarami, “A novel control strategy and power management of hybrid PV/FC/SC/battery renewable power system-based grid-connected microgrid,” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 44, pp. 830–843, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.11. 014
[8] A. Etxeberria, I. Vechiu, H. Camblong, J. M. Vinassa, “Comparison of sliding mode and PI control of a hybrid energy storage system in a microgrid application,” Energy Procedia, vol. 12, pp. 966–974, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.127
[9] J. Li, R. Xiong, Q. Yang, F. Liang, M. Zhang, W. Yuan, “Design/test of a hybrid energy storage system for primary frequency control using a dynamic droop method in an isolated microgrid power system6,” Applied Energy, vol. 201, pp. 257– 269, 2017.
[10] A. Narvaez, C. Cortes, C. Trujillo, “Topologies for battery and supercapacitor interconnection in residential microgrids with intermittent generation,” Ingeniería, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1–24, 2020.
[11] H. El Fadil, F. Giri, “Sliding Mode Control of Fuel Cell and Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System,” in 8th Power Plant and Power System Control Symposium - IFAC Proceedings Volumes. IFAC, 2012, pp. 669 – 674.
[12] B. Yang, J. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Wang, H. Shu, S. Li, T. He, C. Lan, T. Yu, “Applications of battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles using perturbation observer based robust control,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 448, pp. 227444, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227444
[13] O. Veneri, C. Capasso, S. Patalano, “Experimental investigation into the effectiveness of a super-capacitor based hybrid energy storage system for urban commercial vehicles,” Applied Energy, vol. 227, pp. 312–323, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.086
[14] M. Sellali, S. Abdeddaim, A. Betka, A. Djerdir, S. Drid, M. Tiar, “Fuzzy-Super twisting control implementation of battery/super capacitor for electric vehicles,” ISA Transactions, vol. 95, pp. 243–253, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.isatra.2019.04.029
[15] B. Wang, J. Xu, D. Xu, Z. Yan, “Implementation of an estimator-based adaptive sliding mode control strategy for a boost converter based battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicles,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 151, pp. 562–572, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.09.007
[16] S. Ahmadi, S. M. Bathaee, A. H. Hosseinpour, “Improving fuel economy and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle (fuel-cell, battery, and ultra-capacitor) using optimized energy management strategy,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 160, pp. 74–84, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.020
[17] L. Sun, P. Walker, K. Feng, N. Zhang, “Multi-objective component sizing for a battery-supercapacitor power supply considering the use of a power converter,” Energy, vol. 142, pp. 436–446, 2018, doi: 10.1016/ j.energy.2017.10.051
[18] Z. Song, J. Hou, H. Hofmann, J. Li, M. Ouyang, “Sliding-mode and Lyapunov function-based control for battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system used in electric vehicles,” Energy, vol. 122, pp. 601–612, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.098
[19] A. Gee, R. W. Dunn, “Design and analysis of a slidingmode power electronic controlled battery / supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for remote wind power applications,” in Proceedings of the Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2011, pp. 1–6.
[20] Z. Li, S. Ben Elghali, R. Outbib, “Energy management for hybrid energy storage systems: A comparison of current tracking control methods,” in Proceedings IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2017, pp. 7128–7133.
[21] I. Shchur, Y. Biletskyi, “Battery Currents Limitation in Passivity Based Controlled Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System,” in 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology, ELNANO 2018 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 504–510.
[22] J. Wang, Y. Xu, M. Lv, “Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Hybrid Energy Storage System Based on Wind Power Generation System,” in ICCAIS 2018 - 7th International Conference on Control, Automation and Information Sciences. IEEE, 2018, pp. 422–427.
[23] L. Fangcheng, L. Jinjun, Z. Bin, Z. Haodong, H. S. Ul, “Energy management of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on sliding mode control,” in Conference Proceedings - 2012 IEEE 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference - ECCE Asia, IPEMC 2012, vol. 1. IEEE, pp. 406–410.
[24] M. Y. Ayad, M. Becherif, A. Djerdir, A. Miraoui, “Sliding mode control of DC bus voltage of a hybrid sources using fuel cell and supercapacitors for traction system,” in IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2007, pp. 383–388.
[25] S. Najafi-Shad, S. M. Barakati, A. Yazdani, “An effective hybrid wind-photovoltaic system including battery energy storage with reducing control loops and omitting PV converter,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 27, pp. 101088, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2019.101088
[26] T. Zimmermann, P. Keil, M. Hofmann, M. F. Horsche, S. Pichlmaier, A. Jossen, “Review of system topologies for hybrid electrical energy storage systems,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 8, pp. 78–90, 2016.
[27] Jian Cao, A. Emadi, “A New Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 122–132, 2012.
[28] M. Soltani, J. Ronsmans, S. Kakihara, J. Jaguemont, P. Van den Bossche, J. van Mierlo, N. Omar, “Hybrid Battery/LithiumIon Capacitor Energy Storage System for a Pure Electric Bus for an Urban Transportation Application,” Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 7, p. 1176, 2018.
[29] B. Wang, J. Xu, R. J. Wai, B. Cao, “Adaptive Sliding-Mode with Hysteresis Control Strategy for Simple Multimode Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1404–1414, 2017.
[30] J. Li, A. M. Gee, M. Zhang, W. Yuan, “Analysis of battery lifetime extension in a smes-battery hybrid energy storage system using a novel battery lifetime model,” Energy, vol. 86, pp. 175 – 185, 2015.
[31] G. Ning, B. Haran, B. N. Popov, “Capacity fade study of lithium-ion batteries cycled at high discharge rates,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 160 – 169, 2003.
[32] R. Han, M. Tucci, A. Martinelli, J. M. Guerrero, G. FerrariTrecate, “Stability Analysis of Primary Plug-and-Play and Secondary Leader-Based Controllers for DC Microgrid Clusters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1780–1800, 2019.
[33] T. Siew-Chong, L. Yuk-Ming, T. Chi-Kong, Sliding Mode Control of Switching Power Converters: Techniques and Implementation. Boca Raton, London, New York: CRC Press, 2017.
[34] H. Sira-Ramirez, “Sliding Motions in Bilinear Switched Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 919–933, 1987.
[35] H. Zhou, T. Bhattacharya, D. Tran, T. S. T. Siew, A. M. Khambadkone, “Composite Energy Storage System Involving Battery and Ultracapacitor With Dynamic Energy Management in Microgrid Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923–930, 2011.
[36] Ke Jin, Mengxiong Yang, Xinbo Ruan, and Min Xu, “ThreeLevel Bidirectional Converter for Fuel-Cell/Battery Hybrid Power System,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1976–1986, 2010.