Articles
Evaluation of Coal Bottom Ash for clay brick manufacturing: a preliminary study
Janneth Torres-Agredo
Published 2021-08-11
Keywords
- bottom ash,
- clay bricks,
- coal,
- reuse,
- waste management
- solid waste,
- Laser Granulometry,
- X-ray,
- Fluorescence,
- X-ray diffraction ...More
How to Cite
Torres-Agredo, J., Mosquera-Idrobo, L. F., Paz-Villegas, P., & Díaz-Huertas, M. F. (2021). Evaluation of Coal Bottom Ash for clay brick manufacturing: a preliminary study. Revista UIS Ingenierías, 20(4), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v20n4-2021013
Abstract
Currently, industrial, economic, and social growth has produced large amounts of solid waste, which harms the environment and human health. Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a waste produced by burning coal. A preliminary study on CBA, to be used as raw material for the clay bricks manufacture, is presented. CBA was characterized through the Laser Granulometry, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques; besides, the real and apparent density and the content of organic matter. Furthermore, the environmental tests Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Daphnia Pulex acute toxicity test, were applied. It was found that the CBA is an amorphous material, and is composed of oxides of silica, iron, aluminum, and others, while the environmental tests satisfactorily met the applicable standards. According to the results, it is concluded that the CBA has a great potential to be used in the manufacture of bricks.
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References
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[2] S. Abbas, et al., “Production of sustainable clay bricks using waste fly ash: Mechanical and durability properties,” J. of Building Engineering, vol. 14, pp. 7-14, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.09.008.
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[5] R. Vinai, et al., “Coal combustion residues valorisation: Research and development on compressed brick production,” J. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 40, pp.1088-1096, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.096.
[6] M. E., Munawer, “Human health and environmental impacts of coal combustion and post-combustion wastes,” J. of Sustainable Mining, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 87-96, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jsm.2017.12.007.
[7] P. Asokan, et al., “Coal combustion residues-environmental implications and recycling potentials,” J. Resources, Conservation and recycling, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 239-262, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.06.003.
[8] C. Argiz, A. Moragues, E. Menéndez, “Use of ground coal bottom ash as cement constituent in concretes exposed to chloride environments,” J. of Cleaner Production, vol. 170, pp. 25-33, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.117.
[9] K. B. Jones, L. F. Ruppert, S. M. Swanson, “Leaching of elements from bottom ash, economizer fly ash, and fly ash from two coal-fired power plants,” International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 94, pp. 337-348, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.007.
[10] S. S. G. Hashemi, et al., “Safe disposal of coal bottom ash by solidification and stabilization techniques,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 197, pp. 705-715, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.123.
[11] S. Naganathan, A. Mohamed, K. N. Mustapha, “Performance of bricks made using fly ash and bottom ash,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 96, pp. 576-580, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.068.
[12] N. Singh, M. Mithulraj, S. Arya, “Influence of coal bottom ash as fine aggregates replacement on various properties of concretes: A review,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 138, pp. 257-271, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.025.
[13] U.S. EPA, “Final Rule on Coal Combustion Residuals Generated by Electric Utilities,” 2015 [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/coalash/fact-sheet-2015-final-rule-disposal-coal-combustion-residuals-generated-electric-utilities.
[14] F. Andreola, et al., “Reciclado de residuos industriales en la fabricación de ladrillos de construcción: 1ª parte,” Rev. Materiales de construcción, vol. 280, pp. 5-16, 2005, doi: 10.3989/mc.2005.v55.i280.202.
[15] B. S. Da Fonseca, C. Galhano, D. Seixas, “Technical feasibility of reusing coal combustion by-products from a thermoelectric power plant in the manufacture of fired clay bricks,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 104, pp. 189-195, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.030.
[16] S. R. Bragança, A. Zimmer, C. P. Bergmann, “Use of mineral coal ashes in insulating refractory brick,” Refractories and Industrial Ceramics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 320-323, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s11148-008-9088-1.
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[19] N. V. Russell, et al., “Ash deposition of a Spanish Anthracite: effect of included and excluded mineral matter,” Fuel, vol. 81, no. 5, pp. 657-663, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00155-7.
[20] B. W. Ramme, M. P. Tharaniyil, Coal Combustion Products Utilization Handbook. USA: A We Energies Publication, 2013.
[21] J. Kierczak, K. Chudy, “Mineralogical, Chemical, and Leaching Characteristics of Coal Combustion Bottom Ash from a Power Plant Located in Northern Poland,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1627–1635, 2014.
[22] E. Aydin, “Novel coal bottom ash waste composites for sustainable construction,” J. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 124, pp. 582-588, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.142.
[23] M. Singh, “Coal bottom ash”, in Waste and Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete: Characterisation, Properties and Applications, Woodhead publishing, 2018, pp. 3-50, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102156-9.00001-8.
[24] P. M. Velasco, et al., “Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material–A review,” Construction and Building materials, vol. 63, pp. 97-107, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.045.
[25] J. Amado, P. Villafrades, E. Tuta, “Caracterización de arcillas y preparación de pastas cerámicas para la fabricación de tejas y ladrillos en la región de Barichara, Santander,” Rev. Dyna, vol. 78, no. 167, pp. 53-61, 2011.
[26] M. H. Riaz, A. Khitab, S. Ahmed, “Evaluation of sustainable clay bricks incorporating Brick Kiln Dust,” J. of Building Engineering, vol. 24, pp. 100725, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.02.017.
[27] J. Sánchez-Molina, F. A. Corpas-Iglesias, J. P. Rojas-Suárez, “Cenizas Volantes de Termoeléctrica como Materia Prima para la Fabricación de Materiales Cerámicos de Construcción: Efecto de la Temperatura de Cocción sobre el Material,” Información tecnológica, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 285-298, 2019, doi: 10.4067/S0718-07642019000100285.
[28] M. Rafieizonooz, et al., “Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as replacement for sand and cement,” J. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 116, pp. 15-24, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.080.
[29] M. Singh, R. Siddique, “Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on workability and strength properties of concrete,” J. of cleaner production, vol. 112, part. 1, pp. 620-630, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.001.
[30] M. Sutcu, et al., “Recycling of bottom ash and fly ash wastes in eco-friendly clay brick production,” J. of Cleaner Production, vol. 233, pp. 753-764, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.017.
[31] Z. T. Yao, et al., “A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash,” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 141, pp. 105-121, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.11.016.
[32] G. Singh, S. Kumar, S. K. Mohapatra, “An Investigation on Leaching Characteristics for Indian Bottom Ash,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 11, part. 3, pp. 23720-23725, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.162.
[33] G. Jegadeesan, S. R. Al-Abed, P. Pinto, “Influence of trace metal distribution on its leachability from coal fly ash,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 10-11, pp. 1887-1893, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.12.007.
[34] J. Ribeiro, B. Valentim, C. Ward, D. Flores, “Comprehensive characterization of anthracite fly ash from a thermo-electric power plant and its potential environmental impact,” International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 86, no. 2-3, pp. 204-212, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2011.01.010.
[35] S. Sushil, V. S. Batra, “Analysis of fly ash heavy metal content and disposal in three thermal power plants in India,” Fuel, vol. 85, no. 17-18, pp. 2676-2679, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.031.