Artículos científicos
Propuesta de clasificación y nomenclatura geológica de suelos: tanto genética-descriptiva como composicional-mineralógica
Luis Enrique Cruz-Guevara- Luis Felipe Cruz-Ceballos
- Gladys Marcela Avendaño-Sánchez
- Mario García-González
Publicado 2020-01-22
Palabras clave
- Suelo,
- clasificación,
- materiales del suelo,
- clasificación geológica,
- clasificación genética
- clasificación composicional ...Más
Cómo citar
Cruz-Guevara, L. E., Cruz-Ceballos, L. F., Avendaño-Sánchez, G. M., & García-González, M. (2020). Propuesta de clasificación y nomenclatura geológica de suelos: tanto genética-descriptiva como composicional-mineralógica. Boletín De Geología, 42(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v42n1-2020005
Altmetrics
Resumen
Existen numerosos sistemas con clasificación detallada de los suelos, la mayoría de ellos están basados en una variedad de criterios complejos, tales como el tipo de material y propiedades como la cantidad de material orgánico, la presencia de capas de arcilla, y la presencia de horizontes ricos en hierro de oxidación o de reducción, como también de sus características deposicionales, su geomorfología y los procesos de formación de los depósitos. Muchos de estos han sido desarrollados para ser usados en los campos de la agronomía y de la geotecnia. Este escrito se enfoca en la clasificación de los suelos mediante la determinación de sus materiales, su origen y los procesos geológicos que le dan su forma, aceptando las siguientes premisas: (1) el suelo viene inicialmente del intemperismo de un sustrato parental que puede ser o un depósito sedimentario (por ejemplo, aluvial o fluvial) o algún tipo de roca (ígnea, metamórfica o sedimentaria), (2) la estructura del sustrato parental está integrada por facies secuenciales originales (por ejemplo, la foliación, los cúmulos ígneos o la intercalación de capas sedimentarias), (3) el intemperismo físico y químico y los procesos de actividad y productividad biogénica que ocurren en el suelo modifican tanto la estructura original como los componentes del sustrato parental, resultando en la formación de nuevos materiales, la conservación de otros, y la sobreimposición de las facies secuenciales del suelo (horizontes A, B y C) desarrolladas sobre la secuencia de facies originales del sustrato parental, adicionalmente (4) algunos materiales se pierden del sistema y otros pueden ser incorporados dentro de él. Finalmente, se propone una clasificación estrictamente composicional-mineralógica de suelos, la cual corresponde esencialmente a los principales grupos de minerales: silicatos, carbonatos, fosfatos, óxidos e hidróxidos, sulfatos, materia orgánica, nitratos, sulfuros, boratos, elementos nativos y sales, nombrados en sedimentología bajo el término de monomateriales, adicionando los polimateriales o fragmentos de roca (RF). Esta clasificación ofrece una ventaja cuando se examinan los materiales que no son genéticamente relacionados con el sustrato parental, haciendo cada perfil de suelo único, destacando el papel que juega el material parental en este proceso. Con esta clasificación se pretende complementar, pero no reemplazar ninguna clasificación de suelos ya existente.
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Referencias
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Do Campo, M., Nieto, F., Albanesi, G.L., Ortega, G., and Monaldi, C.R. (2017). Outlining the thermal posdepositional evolution of the Ordovician successions of northwestern Argentina by clay mineral analysis, chlorite geothermometry and Kübler index. Andean Geology, 44(2), 179-212. doi: 10.5027/andgeoV44n2-a04.
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Dvorak, J., and Novak, L. (1994). Soil Conservation and Silviculture. Prague: Elsevier Science.
Dylik, J., and Maarleveld, G.C. (1967). Frost cracks, frost fissures and related. Polygons. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting Nieuwe Serie, 18, 7-21.
Eswaran, H., Rice, T., Ahrens, R., and Stewart, B. (2003). Soil Classification. A Global Desk Reference. Washington, DC: CRC Press.
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Geological Survey of Western Australia. (2013). Revised classification system for regolith in Western Australia, and the recommended approach to regolith mapping. West Perth: Geological Survey of Western Australia.
Helvaci, C., and Alonso, R.N. (2000). Borate deposits of Turkey and Argentina; a summary and geological comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9(1), 1-27.
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Baize, D., and Girard, M.C. (2008). Référentiel pédologique. Versailles: Association française pour l’étude du sol (Afes).
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Bohra, A., Kotlia, B.S., Laskar, A.H., and Yadava, M.G. (2014). Evidence of Late Quaternary seismicity from Yunam Tso, Lahaul and Spiti, NW Himalaya, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 123(3), 603-616. doi: 10.1007/s12040-014-0415-2.
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Bortoluzzi, E.C., Pérez, C., Ardisson, J., Tiecher, T., and Caner, L. (2015). Occurrence of iron and aluminum sesquioxides and their implications for the P sorption in subtropical soils. Applied Clay Science, 104, 196-204. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.032.
Brantley, S.L., Goldhaber, M.B., and Ragnarsdottir, K.V. (2007). Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the critical zone. Elements, 3(5), 307-314. doi: 10.2113/gselements.3.5.307.
Bridges, E.R. (1990). Soil horizon designation. Technical paper 19. Wageningen: International Soil Reference and Information Center (ISRIC).
Buol, S.W., Hole, F.D., McCracken, R.J., and Southard, R.J. (1997). Soil genesis and classification. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Carvalho-Filho, A., India, A., Fink, J., and Curi, N. (2015). Iron oxides in soils of different lithological origins in Ferriferous Quadrilateral (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Applied Clay Science, 118, 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2015.08.037.
Casagrande, A. (1948). Classification and identification of soils. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineering, 113, 901-991.
Chesworth, W. (2007). Encyclopedia of soil science. Dordrecht: Springer.
Conte, E., Anghinoni, I., and Rheinheimer, D.S. (2002). Fósforo da biomassa microbiana e atividade de fosfatase ácida após aplicação de fosfato em solo no sistema plantio direto. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 26(4), 925-930. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832002000400009.
Cruz-Guevara, L.E., Cruz-Ceballos, L.F., Avendaño-Sánchez, G.M., and Villamizar-Cáceres, J.L. (2017). Geological soil or regolith classification, a proposal for a new classifying and naming structure of sedimentary deposits and rocks. XVI Congreso Colombiano de Geología, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Dana, E.S., and Ford, W.E. (1922). A text book of mineralogy, with an extended treatise on crystallography and physical mineralogy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Dana, E.S., and Hurlbut, C.S. (1959). Manual de mineralogía, tratado moderno para la enseñanza en universidades y escuelas especiales y para la guía de ingenieros de minas y geólogos. 2da edición. Barcelona: Editorial Reverté, S.A.
Do Campo, M., Nieto, F., Albanesi, G.L., Ortega, G., and Monaldi, C.R. (2017). Outlining the thermal posdepositional evolution of the Ordovician successions of northwestern Argentina by clay mineral analysis, chlorite geothermometry and Kübler index. Andean Geology, 44(2), 179-212. doi: 10.5027/andgeoV44n2-a04.
Dodd, R.J., and Sharpley, A.N. (2015). Recognizing the role of soil organic phosphorus in soil fertility and water quality. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 105(Part B), 282-293. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.001.
Dvorak, J., and Novak, L. (1994). Soil Conservation and Silviculture. Prague: Elsevier Science.
Dylik, J., and Maarleveld, G.C. (1967). Frost cracks, frost fissures and related. Polygons. Mededelingen van de Geologische Stichting Nieuwe Serie, 18, 7-21.
Eswaran, H., Rice, T., Ahrens, R., and Stewart, B. (2003). Soil Classification. A Global Desk Reference. Washington, DC: CRC Press.
Etayo-Serna, F., y Rodríguez, G. (1985). Edad de la Formación Los Santos. Publicaciones Geológicas Especiales del Ingeominas, 16, 351-336.
FAO. (2015a). Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2015b). World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Updated 2015. Roma: World soil resources reports, 106.
Fink, J.R., India, A., Bavaresco, J., Sánchez-Rodríguez, A., Barrón, V., Torrent, J., and Bayer, C. (2016). Diffusion and uptake of phosphorus, and root development of corn seedlings, in three contrasting subtropical soils under conventional tillage or no-tillage. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 52(2), 203-210. doi: 10.1007/s00374-015-1067-3.
Friedman, G.M. (1997). Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates. Carbonates and Evaporites, 12(1), 53-63.
Geological Survey of Western Australia. (2013). Revised classification system for regolith in Western Australia, and the recommended approach to regolith mapping. West Perth: Geological Survey of Western Australia.
Helvaci, C., and Alonso, R.N. (2000). Borate deposits of Turkey and Argentina; a summary and geological comparison. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9(1), 1-27.
Holloway, J.M., and Dahlgren, R.A. (2002). Nitrogen in rock: occurrences and biogeochemical implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(4), 1-17. doi: 10.1029/2002GB001862.
Huang, P.T., Patel, M., Santagata, M.C., and Bobet, A. (2009). Classification of organic soils, Final Report. West Lafayette: Joint Transportation Research Program.
IDEAM (2017). Clasifiación Climática Caldas-Lang 2012. Consulted on 14 august of 2017. https://www.datos.gov.co/Ambiente-y-DesarrolloSostenible/Clasifiaci-n-Clim-tica-Caldas-Lang-2012/3akx-3ph5.
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015). World Reference Base for soil resources 2014, International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Rome: World Soil Resources Report.
Jahn, R., Blume, H.P., Asio, V.B., Spaargaren, O., and Schad, P. (2006). Guidelines for soil description. Roma: Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations.
Kämpf, N., and Schwertmann, U. (1982). The 5-M-NaOH concentration treatment for iron oxides in soils. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30(6), 401-408.
Kew, G., and Gilkes, R. (2006). Classification, strength and water retention characteristics of lateritic regolith. Geoderma, 136(1-2), 184-198. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.025.
Kidwell, S.M., Fürsich, F., and Aigner, T. (1986). Conceptual framework for the analysis and classification of fossil concentrations. Palaios, 1(3), 228-238.
Ko, T.H. (2008). Removal of hydrogen sulfur from coal-derived gas by iron oxides in various oxisols. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(7), 969-973. doi: 10.1089/ees.2007.0133.
Lavaut, W. (2018). A geological classification for the rocks of weathering. Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.pse.20180201.11.
Macar, P. (1948). Les pseudo-nodules du Famennien et leur origine. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique, 72, 47-74.
Martinazzo, R., Rheinheimer, D.S., Gatiboni, L.C., Brunetto, G., and Kaminski, J. (2007). Fósforo microbiano do solo sob sistema plantio direto em resposta à adição de fosfato solúvel. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 31(3), 563-570. doi: 10.1590/S0100-06832007000300016.
Merrill, G.P. (1897). A treatise on rocks, rock-weathering, and soil. Washington: Macmillan & Co.
Middleton, G.V. (2003). Encyclopedia of sediments, and sedimentary rocks. Dordrecht: Springer.
Millot, G. (1964). Géologie des Argiles, altérations, sédimentologie, géochimie. Paris: Masson et Cie
Pariente, S., and Lavee, H. (2003). Soil organic matter and degradation. Soil conservation and protection for Europe, 83-88.
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