Palabras clave
Genitales Femeninos
Microbiota.
Remoción del Cabello
Microbiota.
Remoción del Cabello
Cómo citar
Romero-Gamboa, D. G., Díaz-Martínez, L. A., Díaz-Galvis, M. L., & González-Blanco, D. P. (2019). Impacto de la depilación genital en el microambiente de la piel femenina: interrupción de la barrera y riesgo de infección, una revisión de la literatura. Médicas UIS, 32(3), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.18273/revmed.v32n3-2019004
Resumen
El vello genital es uno de los rasgos sexuales secundarios que marca el comienzo de la pubertad; su eliminación ha sido parte de la cultura humana desde la antigüedad. Esta práctica puede conducir a odificaciones en el microbioma vaginal con posibles repercusiones potenciales en la salud y el equilibrio de la piel. Realizamos una revisión arrativa con el propósito de describir la microbiota cutánea normal, su impacto bajo los cambios del microambiente y la depilación genital. La menstruación, las condiciones patológicas y la depilación púbica pueden alterar la microbiota vaginal, siendo esta última de especial relevancia dado el riesgo de microtraumatismos, irritaciones y posible propagación de agentes infecciosos. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(3): 27-33
Referencias
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2. Ramsey S, Sweeney C, Fraser M, Oades G. Pubic hair and sexuality: a review. J Sex M. 2009;6(8):2102-10.
3. Riddell L, Hodgson HG, Varto H. Smooth talking: the phenomenon of pubic hair removal in women. Can J Hum Sex. 2010;19(3):121- 30.
4. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 Feb 29 - . Identifier NCT03272204, Pubic hair and the urinary and vaginal microbiome; 2017 Aug 18. Disponible en: ttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03272204.
5. Terry G, Braun V. To let hair be, or to not let hair be? Gender and body hair removal practices in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Body Image. 2013;10(4):599-606.
6. Díaz-Martínez LA, Durán-Prada ML, Mendoza-Pedrozo JP. La remoción por estética del vello púbico como causa de morbilidad inadvertida en la población general. Rev Argent Dermatol. 2015;96(3):40-6.
7. Díaz-Martínez LA, Prince NE, Barrera L, Hernández NA, Méndez DJ, Acevedo M. Prevalencia de la remoción del vello púbico en Colombia. Rev Argent Dermatol [Internet]. 2016;97(2):16-23. Disponible en: https://rad-online.org.ar/2016/07/01/prevalenciade-la-remocion-del-vello-pubico-en-colombia/
8. Herbenick D, Hensel D, Smith NK, Schick V, Reece M, Sanders SA, et al. Pubic hair removal and sexual behavior: Findings from a prospective daily diary study of sexually active women in the United States. J Sexual Med [Internet] . 2013;10(3):678-85. Doi:doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12031
9. DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB. Complications related to pubic hair removal. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet] . 2014;210(6):528.e1-5.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040320/
10. Abdallah F, Mijouin L, Pichon C. Skin immune landscape: Inside and outside the organism. Mediat Inflammat [Internet]. 2017;2017:1-17. Doi: doi.org/10.1155/2017/509529.
11. Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI. Mechanical properties of human forearm and vulvar skin. Br J Dermatol [Internet]. 1990;122(5):607-14. Doi: doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990. tb07282.x
12. Schommer NN, Gallo RL. Structure and function of the human skin microbiome. Trends Microbiol [Internet]. 2013;21(12):660-8. Doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.001.
13. Williams DW, Gibson G. Individualization of pubic hair bacterial communities and the effects of storage time and temperature. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2017;26:12-20. doi: 10.1016/j. fsigen.2016.09.006
14. Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerman HM, Schalkwijk J. Microbiome and skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(5):514-20. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328364ebeb
15. Soria X, Carrascosa JM. Flora cutánea normal e infección bacteriana secundaria. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2007;98(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-7310(07)70177-1
16. Nakamizo S, Egawa G, Honda T, Nakajima S, Belkaid Y, Kabashima K. Commensal bacteria and cutaneous immunity. Semin Immunopathol. 2015;37(1):73-80. doi: 10.1007/s00281- 014-0452-6
17. Brandwein M, Steinberg D, Meshner S. Microbial biofilmsand the human skin microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiome. 2016;2(3):1-6. doi: 10.1038/s41522-016-0004-z
18. Aly R, Britz MB, Maibach HI. Quantitative microbiology ofhuman vulva. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101(4):445-8. doi: 10.1111/ .1365-2133.1979.tb00024.x
19. Chen Y, Bruning E, Rubino J, Eder SE. Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage. Womens Health (Lond). 2017;13(3):58-67.
20. Runeman B, Rybo G, Forsgren-Brusk U, Larkö O, Larsson P, Faergemann J. The vulvar skin microenvironment: Influence of different panty liners on temperature, pH and microflora. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(4):277-84.
21. Wilson M. The indigenous microbiota of the reproductive system of females. In: Wilson M. Bacteriology of humans: An ecological perspective. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008. p. 170-206.
22. Runeman B, Rybo G, Forsgren-Brusk U, Larkö O, Larsson P, Faergemann J. The vulvar skin microenvironment: ompact of tight-fitting underwear on microclimate, pH and microflora. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(2):118-22.
23. Brown CJ, Wong M, Davis CC, Kanti A, Zhou X, Forney LJ. Preliminary characterization of the normal microbiota of thehuman vulva using cultivation-independent methods. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(2):271-6.
24. Bentubo HDL, Mantovani A, Yamashita JT, Gambale W, Fischman O. Yeasts of the genital region of patients attending the dermatology service at Hospital São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2015;32(4):229-34.
25. Miyamoto T, Akiba S, Sato N, Fujimura T, Takagi Y, Kitahara T, et al. Study of the vulvar skin in healthy Japanese women: Components of the stratum corneum and microbes. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(12):1500-5.
26. Aramaki J, Kawana S, Effendy I, Happle R, Loffler H. Differences of skin irritation between Japanese and European women. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(6):1052-6.
27. Dasari S, Anandan SK, Rajendra W, Valluru L. Role of microbial flora in female genital tract: A comprehensive review. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2016;6(11):909-17.
28. Lansdell LW, Taplin D, Aldrich TE. Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from multiple body sites in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(3):307-10.
29. Löwhagen GB, Bonde E, Forsgren-Brusk U, Runeman B, Tunbäck P. The microenvironment of vulvar skin in women with symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV- 2) infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(9):1086-9.
30. Buffoli B, Rinaldi F, Labanca M, Sorbellini E, Trink A, Guanziroli E, et al. The human hair: From anatomy to physiology. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(3):331-41.
31. Brinkac L, Clarke TH, Singh H, Greco C, Gomez A, Torralba MG, et al. Spatial and environmental variation of the human hair microbiota. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9017.
32. Tridico SR, Murray DC, Addison J, Kirkbride KP, Bunce M. Metagenomic analyses of bacteria on human hairs: A qualitative assessment for applications in forensic science. Investig Genet. 2014;5(1):16.
33. Veraldi S, Nazzaro G, Ramoni S. Pubic hair removal and molluscum contagiosum. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(8):699-700.
34. Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Ramoni S, Nazzaro G. Pubic hair removal and Phthirus pubis infestation. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(1):103-4.
35. Desruelles F, Cunningham SA, Dubois D. Pubic hair removal: A risk factor for ‘minor’ STI such as molluscum contagiosum? Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(3):216-216.
36. Osterberg EC, Gaither TW, Awad MA, Truesdale MD, Allen I, Sutcliffe S, et al. Correlation between pubic hair grooming and STIs: Results from a nationally representative probability sample. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(3):162-6.
37. Basevi V, Lavender T. Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour. CDSR [Internet]. 2014 [May 12th, 2018]; 11: Pages: 1-22. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ 14651858. CD001236.pub2.
38. Cruse PJE, Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection: A 10-Year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin N Am. 1980;60(1):27-40
39. Johnston RA, Sidall RS. Is the usual method of preparing patientsfor delivery beneficial or necessary? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1922;4(6):645-50.
2. Ramsey S, Sweeney C, Fraser M, Oades G. Pubic hair and sexuality: a review. J Sex M. 2009;6(8):2102-10.
3. Riddell L, Hodgson HG, Varto H. Smooth talking: the phenomenon of pubic hair removal in women. Can J Hum Sex. 2010;19(3):121- 30.
4. ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2000 Feb 29 - . Identifier NCT03272204, Pubic hair and the urinary and vaginal microbiome; 2017 Aug 18. Disponible en: ttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03272204.
5. Terry G, Braun V. To let hair be, or to not let hair be? Gender and body hair removal practices in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Body Image. 2013;10(4):599-606.
6. Díaz-Martínez LA, Durán-Prada ML, Mendoza-Pedrozo JP. La remoción por estética del vello púbico como causa de morbilidad inadvertida en la población general. Rev Argent Dermatol. 2015;96(3):40-6.
7. Díaz-Martínez LA, Prince NE, Barrera L, Hernández NA, Méndez DJ, Acevedo M. Prevalencia de la remoción del vello púbico en Colombia. Rev Argent Dermatol [Internet]. 2016;97(2):16-23. Disponible en: https://rad-online.org.ar/2016/07/01/prevalenciade-la-remocion-del-vello-pubico-en-colombia/
8. Herbenick D, Hensel D, Smith NK, Schick V, Reece M, Sanders SA, et al. Pubic hair removal and sexual behavior: Findings from a prospective daily diary study of sexually active women in the United States. J Sexual Med [Internet] . 2013;10(3):678-85. Doi:doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12031
9. DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB. Complications related to pubic hair removal. Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet] . 2014;210(6):528.e1-5.Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040320/
10. Abdallah F, Mijouin L, Pichon C. Skin immune landscape: Inside and outside the organism. Mediat Inflammat [Internet]. 2017;2017:1-17. Doi: doi.org/10.1155/2017/509529.
11. Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI. Mechanical properties of human forearm and vulvar skin. Br J Dermatol [Internet]. 1990;122(5):607-14. Doi: doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990. tb07282.x
12. Schommer NN, Gallo RL. Structure and function of the human skin microbiome. Trends Microbiol [Internet]. 2013;21(12):660-8. Doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.001.
13. Williams DW, Gibson G. Individualization of pubic hair bacterial communities and the effects of storage time and temperature. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2017;26:12-20. doi: 10.1016/j. fsigen.2016.09.006
14. Zeeuwen PL, Kleerebezem M, Timmerman HM, Schalkwijk J. Microbiome and skin diseases. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;13(5):514-20. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e328364ebeb
15. Soria X, Carrascosa JM. Flora cutánea normal e infección bacteriana secundaria. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2007;98(1):15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-7310(07)70177-1
16. Nakamizo S, Egawa G, Honda T, Nakajima S, Belkaid Y, Kabashima K. Commensal bacteria and cutaneous immunity. Semin Immunopathol. 2015;37(1):73-80. doi: 10.1007/s00281- 014-0452-6
17. Brandwein M, Steinberg D, Meshner S. Microbial biofilmsand the human skin microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiome. 2016;2(3):1-6. doi: 10.1038/s41522-016-0004-z
18. Aly R, Britz MB, Maibach HI. Quantitative microbiology ofhuman vulva. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101(4):445-8. doi: 10.1111/ .1365-2133.1979.tb00024.x
19. Chen Y, Bruning E, Rubino J, Eder SE. Role of female intimate hygiene in vulvovaginal health: Global hygiene practices and product usage. Womens Health (Lond). 2017;13(3):58-67.
20. Runeman B, Rybo G, Forsgren-Brusk U, Larkö O, Larsson P, Faergemann J. The vulvar skin microenvironment: Influence of different panty liners on temperature, pH and microflora. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(4):277-84.
21. Wilson M. The indigenous microbiota of the reproductive system of females. In: Wilson M. Bacteriology of humans: An ecological perspective. USA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008. p. 170-206.
22. Runeman B, Rybo G, Forsgren-Brusk U, Larkö O, Larsson P, Faergemann J. The vulvar skin microenvironment: ompact of tight-fitting underwear on microclimate, pH and microflora. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(2):118-22.
23. Brown CJ, Wong M, Davis CC, Kanti A, Zhou X, Forney LJ. Preliminary characterization of the normal microbiota of thehuman vulva using cultivation-independent methods. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56(2):271-6.
24. Bentubo HDL, Mantovani A, Yamashita JT, Gambale W, Fischman O. Yeasts of the genital region of patients attending the dermatology service at Hospital São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2015;32(4):229-34.
25. Miyamoto T, Akiba S, Sato N, Fujimura T, Takagi Y, Kitahara T, et al. Study of the vulvar skin in healthy Japanese women: Components of the stratum corneum and microbes. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(12):1500-5.
26. Aramaki J, Kawana S, Effendy I, Happle R, Loffler H. Differences of skin irritation between Japanese and European women. Br J Dermatol. 2002;146(6):1052-6.
27. Dasari S, Anandan SK, Rajendra W, Valluru L. Role of microbial flora in female genital tract: A comprehensive review. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis. 2016;6(11):909-17.
28. Lansdell LW, Taplin D, Aldrich TE. Recovery of Staphylococcus aureus from multiple body sites in menstruating women. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(3):307-10.
29. Löwhagen GB, Bonde E, Forsgren-Brusk U, Runeman B, Tunbäck P. The microenvironment of vulvar skin in women with symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV- 2) infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006;20(9):1086-9.
30. Buffoli B, Rinaldi F, Labanca M, Sorbellini E, Trink A, Guanziroli E, et al. The human hair: From anatomy to physiology. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(3):331-41.
31. Brinkac L, Clarke TH, Singh H, Greco C, Gomez A, Torralba MG, et al. Spatial and environmental variation of the human hair microbiota. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9017.
32. Tridico SR, Murray DC, Addison J, Kirkbride KP, Bunce M. Metagenomic analyses of bacteria on human hairs: A qualitative assessment for applications in forensic science. Investig Genet. 2014;5(1):16.
33. Veraldi S, Nazzaro G, Ramoni S. Pubic hair removal and molluscum contagiosum. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(8):699-700.
34. Veraldi S, Schianchi R, Ramoni S, Nazzaro G. Pubic hair removal and Phthirus pubis infestation. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(1):103-4.
35. Desruelles F, Cunningham SA, Dubois D. Pubic hair removal: A risk factor for ‘minor’ STI such as molluscum contagiosum? Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89(3):216-216.
36. Osterberg EC, Gaither TW, Awad MA, Truesdale MD, Allen I, Sutcliffe S, et al. Correlation between pubic hair grooming and STIs: Results from a nationally representative probability sample. Sex Transm Infect. 2017;93(3):162-6.
37. Basevi V, Lavender T. Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour. CDSR [Internet]. 2014 [May 12th, 2018]; 11: Pages: 1-22. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ 14651858. CD001236.pub2.
38. Cruse PJE, Foord R. The epidemiology of wound infection: A 10-Year prospective study of 62,939 wounds. Surg Clin N Am. 1980;60(1):27-40
39. Johnston RA, Sidall RS. Is the usual method of preparing patientsfor delivery beneficial or necessary? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1922;4(6):645-50.
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