Palabras clave
miedo a la enfermedad
coronavirus
salud mental
COVID-19
Cómo citar
Resumen
Introducción: la ansiedad por la salud es un estado psicológico caracterizado por cierto tipo de creencias, emociones y actitudes hacia la posibilidad de contraer una enfermedad. La ansiedad por la salud ha sido considerada un mediador de la respuesta psicológica ante la pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de ansiedad por la salud de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios colombianos, discriminando y comparando en función de ciertas variables sociodemográficas, y describir sus principales características durante el confinamiento social en el segundo semestre del 2020. Metodología: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de nivel descriptivo y corte transversal en una muestra de 1004 estudiantes de pregrado de 3 instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Medellín. Se utilizó el Inventario Breve de Ansiedad por la Salud. Resultados: el valor de la media para la ansiedad por la salud estuvo por encima del valor reportado por otros estudios. Se encontraron altos porcentajes de preocupación por la salud (39,64 %), consciencia del malestar/dolor (63,3 %), miedo de tener una enfermedad grave (20,01 %), interés por las sensaciones o cambios corporales (68,92 %), riesgo de padecer una enfermedad grave (30,33 %) y consecuencias sobre la vida (35,75 %). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguna de las comparaciones entre grupos. Conclusiones: la preocupación por la salud y la ansiedad durante las epidemias/pandemias pueden tener un impacto psicológico importante, además de estar relacionadas con un comportamiento preventivo ineficaz y tener consecuencias adversas en el largo plazo.
Referencias
Jungmann SM, Witthöft M.Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic:Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?.J Anxiety Disord.2020;73:1-9.
Sauer KS, Jungmann SM, Witthöft M.Emotional and Behavioral Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Health Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Distress (In) Tolerance. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2020;17(19):2-18.
American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.5th ed. London: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
Asmundson GJG,Taylor S.How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;71:1-2.
Abramowitz JS, Braddock AE.Hypochondriasis and Health Anxiety. Cambridge, USA: Hogrefre Publishig; 2011.
Rachman S. Health anxiety disorders: a cognitive construal. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50(7-8):502-512.
Witthöft M, Kerstner T, Ofer J, Mier D, Rist F, Diener C, et al. Cognitive biases in pathological health anxiety the contribution of attention, memory, and evaluation processes.Clin Psychol Sci. 2016;4(3):464–479.
Asmundson GJG, Taylor S.Coronaphobia:Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak.J Anxiety Disord. 2020;70:1-2.
Lee SA. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Stud. 2020;44(7):393-401.
Lee SA, Mathis AA, Jobe MC, Pappalardo EA. Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:1-7.
Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, 52 Restrepo JE, Castañeda-Quirama T, Zambrano-Cruz R MÉD.UIS. 2022;35(3):41-53 McKay D, Asmundson GJG.Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;72:1-7.
Lee SA, Jobe MC, Mathis AA.Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychol Med. 2021;51(8):1403-1404.
Lee SA, Jobe MC, Mathis AA, Gibbons JA. Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:1-4.
Kurcer MA, Erdogan Z, Kardes V. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health anxiety and cyberchondria levels of university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2022;58(1):132-140.
McDonnell WM, Nelson DS, Schunk JE. Should we fear “flu fear” itself? Effects of H1N1 influenza fear on ED use. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(2):275- 282.
Kosic A, Lindholm P, Järvholm K, HedmanLagerlöf E, Axelsson E. Three decades of increase in health anxiety: Systematic review and metaanalysis of birth cohort changes in university student samples from 1985 to 2017. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;71:1-12.
Robles-Mariños R, Angeles AI, Alvarado GF. Factores asociados con la ansiedad por la salud en estudiantes de Medicina de una universidad privada en Lima, Perú. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2022;51(2):89-98.
Garbóczy S, Szemán-Nagy A, Ahmad MS, Harsányi S, Ocsenás D, Rekenyi V, et al. Health anxiety, perceived stress, and coping styles in the shadow of the COVID-19. BMC Psychol. 2021;9(1):1-13.
Karim SK, Taha PH, Amin NMM, Ahmed HS, Yousif MK, Hallumy AM.COVID-19-related anxiety disorder in Iraq during the pandemic: an online cross-sectional study. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2020;27(1):1-9.
Wang X, Hegde S, Son C, Keller B, Smith A, Sasangohar F. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e22817.
Wathelet M, Duhem S, Vaiva G, Baubet T, Habran E, Veerapa E, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA New Open. 2020;3(10):1-13.
Son C, Hegde S, Smith A, Wang X, Sasangohar F. Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):e21279.
Salkovskis PM, Rimes KA, Warwick HM, Clark DM. The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol Med. 2002;32(5):843-853.
Arnáez S, García-Soriano G, López-Santiago J, Belloch A. The Spanish validation of the Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties and clinical utility. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2019;19(3):251-260.
García-Roncallo P, García-Montaño E, Espada J, Gómez-Lugo M, Morales A, Niebles-Charris J, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Colombian Version of the HIV Attitudes Scale for Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(13):1-16.
Abramowitz JS, Deacon BJ, Valentiner DP. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Construct Validity in a Non-clinical Sample. Cognit Ther Res. 2007;31(6):871-883.
Kocjan J. Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI)- Polish version: Evaluation of psychometric properties and factor structure. Arch Psychiatry Psychother. 2016;18(3):68–78.
Alshayea AK. Latent structure, measurement invariance, and reliability of an Arabic version of the Short Health Anxiety Inventory. J Exp Psychopathol. 2020;11(2):1-15.
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20(3):1537–1545.
Wang C, Riyu P, Xiaoyang W, Yilin T, Linkang X, Cyrus SH, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1–25.
Blakey SM, Abramowitz JS.Psychological Predictors of Health Anxiety in Response to the Zika Virus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2017;24(3–4):270–278.
Daniali H, Flaten MA. Experiencing COVID-19 symptoms without the disease: The role of nocebo in reporting of symptoms. Scand J Public Health. 2021;50(1):61-69.
Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 53 Estudio exploratorio sobre la ansiedad por la salud en universitarios colombianos durante el Septiembre-diciembre confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 en el segundo semestre del 2020 2020. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:1-8.
Garfin DR, Silver RC, Holman EA. The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychol. 2020;39(5):355– 357.
Brown RJ, Skelly N, Chew-Graham CA. Online health research and health anxiety: A systematic review and conceptual integration. Clin. Psychol.: Sci. Pract. 2020;27(2):1-19.
Cannito L, Di Crosta A, Palumbo R, Ceccato I, Anzani S, La Malva P, et al. Health anxiety and attentional bias toward virus-related stimuli during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Rep. 2020;10(1):1–8.
Ramírez-Ortiz J, Castro-Quintero D, LermaCórdoba C, Yela-Ceballos F, Escobar-Córdoba F. Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social isolation. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. 2020;48(4):2-7.
Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Jana Dubey M, Chatterjee S. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):779- 788.
Carleton RN. Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;39:30-43.
Bartley EJ, Fillingim RB. Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. Br J Anaesth. 2013; 111(1):52-58.
Craft RM. Modulation of pain by estrogens. Pain. 2007; 132 Suppl 1:S3-S12.
Sullivan MJ, Thorn B, Haythornthwaite JA, Keefe F, Martin M, Bradley LA, Lefebvre JC. Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain. Clin J Pain. 2001; 17(1):52–64.
Cheah YK, Azahadi M, Phang SN, Abd Manaf NH. Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health Factors Associated With Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among Malaysian Adults. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:1-8.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022 Médicas UIS