Keywords
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Thrombin
Fibrinolysis
Hemorrhage
Thrombosis
Thrombin
Fibrinolysis
Hemorrhage
Thrombosis
How to Cite
Mogollón Gallo, J. D., Merchán Figueroa, M. K., Gualdrón Frías, C. A., Parra Pinzón, P. A., Niño Rodríguez, D. P., & Obando Bustos, V. J. (2020). Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Médicas UIS, 33(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.18273/revmed.v33n2-2020008
Abstract
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is an altered state of coagulation secondary to local or systemic inflammatory symptoms. It is characterized by increased coagulation and inadequate endogenous fibrinolysis resulting in intravascular fibrin formation, multi-organ microvascular thrombosis, and excessive consumption of blood coagulation factors, this triggers severe bleeding and thrombosis, which lead to organic and circulatory failure as the main clinical manifestation.This article aims to review the state of the art describing its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and news in its diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, a bibliographic search was carried out in PubMed using the MeSH term “Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation”, selecting 63 articles for the relevance and pertinence of their information to the objective of the investigation. Therefore, it is expected to provide the clinician with the necessary tools to adequately respond to this pathology. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(2):75-84.
References
Oba Y, Hoshide S, Mitama T, Shinohara H, Komori T, Kabutoya T, et al. Recurrent Early Coronary Stent Thrombosis under Chronic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Int Heart J. 2017;58(6):988-92.
Costello RA, Nehring SM. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). StatPearls Publishing. 2017.
Levi M. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014;36(3):228-36.
Wan P, Tong H-S, Zhang X-Q, Duan P-K, Tang Y-Q, Su L. Diagnosis of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in critically Ill adults by Sonoclot coagulation analysis. Int J Hematol. 2014;100(2):125-31.
Lee DH, Lee BK, Jeung KW, Jung YH, Lee SM, Cho YS, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with the neurologic outcome of cardiac arrest survivors. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(11):1617-23.
Iba T, Yamada A, Hashiguchi N, Nagaoka I. New therapeutic options for patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 014;124(6):321-8.
Gando S, Wada H, Thachil J. Differentiating disseminated ntravascular coagulation (DIC) with the fibrinolytic phenotype from coagulopathy of trauma and acute oagulopathy of traumashock (COT/ACOTS). J Thromb Haemost JTH. 2013;11(5):826-35.
Singh B, Hanson AC, Alhurani R, Wang S, Herasevich V, Cartin- Ceba R, et al. Trends in the incidence and outcomes of disseminated intravascular coagulation in ritically ill patients (2004-2010): a population-based study. Chest. 2013;143(5):1235-42.
Haram K, Mortensen JH, Mastrolia SA, Erez O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the HELLP syndrome: how much do we really know? J Matern-Fetal Neonatal ed. 2017;30(7):779-88.
Wei Q, Niu T, Wang M, Yang J, Liu P, Yi Y. A Revised Fibrinogen Cutoff Value in the Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Scoring System May Provide a Better Prognostic Value for Hematological Malignancies. Acta Haematol. 2017;137(3):132-40.
Erez O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy - Clinical phenotypes and diagnostic scores. Thromb Res. 2017;151 Suppl 1:S56-60.
Levi M, van der Poll T. Coagulation and sepsis. Thromb Res. 2017;149:38-44.
Shahmarvand N, Oak JS, Cascio MJ, Alcasid M, Goodman E, Medeiros BC, et al. A study of disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia reveals markedly elevated D-dimer levels are a sensitive indicator of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39(4):375-83.
Rajagopal R, Thachil J, Monagle P. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in paediatrics. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(2):187-93.
Erez O, Mastrolia SA, Thachil J. Disseminated intravascularcoagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):452-63.
Levi M, van der Poll T. A short contemporary history of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2014;40(8):874-80.
Vincent J-L, Ramesh MK, Ernest D, LaRosa SP, Pachl J, Aikawa N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and fficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ART-123, in patients with sepsis and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med. 013;41(9):2069-79.
Hossain N, Paidas MJ. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. emin Perinatol. 2013;37(4):257-66.
Gando S, Levi M, Toh C-H. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16037.
Palta S, Saroa R, Palta A. Overview of the coagulation system. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):515-23.
Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol. 2009;145(1):24-33.
Hall JE. Hemostasia y coagulación sanguínea. Elsevier Health Sciences. Guyton y Hall. Tratado de fisiología médica. Duodécima edición; 2011. 451-461.
Hellum M, Øvstebø R, Brusletto BS, Berg JP, Brandtzaeg P, Henriksson CE. Microparticle-associated tissue factor activity correlates with plasma levels of bacterial ipopolysaccharides in meningococcal septic shock. Thromb Res. 2014;133(3):507–14.
Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Roberts HR. Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(9):1381-9.
Liaw PC, Ito T, Iba T, Thachil J, Zeerleder S. DAMP and DIC: The role of extracellular DNA and DNA-binding proteins in the pathogenesis of DIC. Blood Rev. 016;30(4):257-61.
Martinod K, Wagner DD. Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs. Blood. 2014;123(18):2768-76.
Martinod K, Demers M, Fuchs TA, Wong SL, Brill A, Gallant M, et al. Neutrophil histone modification by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 is critical for deep vein thrombosisn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(21):8674-9.
Kim J-E, Lee N, Gu J-Y, Yoo HJ, Kim HK. Circulating levels of DNA-histone complex and dsDNA are independent prognostic factors of disseminated intravascular oagulation. Thromb Res. 2015;135(6):1064-9.
Witmer CM. Hematologic manifestations of systemic disease (including iron deficiency, anemia of inflammation and DIC). Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013;60(6):1337-48.
Hunt BJ. Bleeding and Coagulopathies in Critical Care. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):847-59.
Boral BM, Williams DJ, Boral LI. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;146(6):670-80.
Delabranche X, Quenot J-P, Lavigne T, Mercier E, François B, Severac F, et al. Early detection of disseminated intravascular coagulation during septic shock: a multicenter prospective study. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(10):930-9.
Toh CH, Alhamdi Y, Abrams ST. Current pathological and laboratory considerations in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Ann lab med. 2016;36(6):505-12.
Siegal T, Seligsohn U, Aghai E, Modan M. Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases. Thromb Haemost. 1978;39(1):122-34.
Feinstein DI. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with solid tumors. Oncology (Williston Park). 2015;29(2):96-102.
Levi M, van der Poll T. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a review for the internist. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8(1):23-32.
Goel R, Ness PM, Takemoto CM, Krishnamurti L, King KE, Tobian AA. Platelet transfusions in platelet consumptive disorders are associated with arterial thrombosis and in-hospital mortality. Blood Rev. 2015;125(9):1470-6.
Thachil J. Disseminated intravascular coagulation - new pathophysiological concepts and impact on management. Expert Rev Hematol. 2016;9(8):803-14.
Mallaiah S, Barclay P, Harrod I, Chevannes C, Bhalla A. Introduction of an algorithm for ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate administration in major obstetric aemorrhage. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(2):166-75.
Li WJ, Sha M, Ma W, Zhang ZP, Wu YJ, Shi DM. Efficacy evaluation of D-dimer and modified criteria in overt and nonovert disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2016;38(2):151-9.
Iba T, Ito T, Maruyama I, Jilma B, Brenner T, Müller MC, et al. Potential diagnostic markers for disseminated intravascular coagulation of sepsis. Blood Rev. 2016;30(2):149-55.
Koyama K, Madoiwa S, Nunomiya S, Koinuma T, Wada M, Sakata A, et al. Combination of thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and protein C activity for early identification of severe coagulopathy in initial phase of sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R13.
Gando S, Meziani F, Levi M. What’s new in the diagnostic criteria of disseminated intravascular coagulation? Intensive Care Med. 2016 ;42(6):1062-4.
Gando S, Saitoh D, Ogura H, Fujishima S, Mayumi T, Araki T, et al. A multicenter, prospective validation study of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine disseminated intravascular coagulation scoring system in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R111.
Taylor FB, Toh CH, Hoots WK, Wada H, Levi M, Scientific Subcommittee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 001;86(5):1327-30.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Hatada T. Diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Expert Rev Hematol. 2012;5(6):643-52.
Ha SO, Park SH, Hong SB, Jang S. Performance Evaluation of Five Different Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) iagnostic Criteria for Predicting Mortality in Patients with Complicated Sepsis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(11):1838-45.
Venugopal A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):603-8.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Yamashita Y. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) according to four DIC guidelines. J Intensive Care. 2014;2(1):15.
Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(7):1342-51.
Yahata M, Sakamoto Y. Anti DIC therapy. Nihon Rinsho Jpn J Clin Med. 2016;74(2):257-61.
Iba T, Nagaoka I, Boulat M. The anticoagulant therapy for sepsisassociated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res. 2013;131(5):383-9.
Liu XL, Wang XZ, Liu XX, Hao D, Jaladat Y, Lu F, et al. Lowdose heparin as treatment for early disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis: A prospective clinical study. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(3):604-8.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Aota T, Yamashita Y. Progress in diagnosis and treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2015;56(2):169-76.
Hagiwara A, Tanaka N, Uemura T, Matsuda W, Kimura A. Can recombinant human thrombomodulin increase survival among patients with severe septic-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e012850.
Saito H, Maruyama I, Shimazaki S, Yamamoto Y, Aikawa N, Ohno R, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) in isseminated intravascular coagulation: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):31-41.
Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Fujimi S, Morikawa M, Ogawa Y, Mohri T, et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsisinduced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a multicenter propensity score analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(4):644-52.
Iba T, Gando S, Thachil J. Anticoagulant therapy for sepsisassociated disseminated intravascular coagulation: the view from Japan. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(7):1010-9.
Eisele B, Lamy M, Thijs LG, Keinecke HO, Schuster HP, Matthias FR, et al. Antithrombin III in patients with severe sepsis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial plus a meta-analysis on all randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with antithrombin III in severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 998;24(7):663-72.
Gando S, Saitoh D, Ishikura H, Ueyama M, Otomo Y, Oda S, et al. A randomized, controlled, multicenter trial of the effects of antithrombin on disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R297.
Yasuda N, Goto K, Ohchi Y, Abe T, Koga H, Kitano T. The efficacy and safety of antithrombin and recombinant human thrombomodulin combination therapy in patients with severe sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Crit Care. 2016;36:29-34.
Goodnough LT, Shander AS. Recombinant factor VIIa: safety and efficacy. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(5):504-9.
Martí-Carvajal AJ, Anand V, Solà I. Treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD008562.
Costello RA, Nehring SM. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC). StatPearls Publishing. 2017.
Levi M. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014;36(3):228-36.
Wan P, Tong H-S, Zhang X-Q, Duan P-K, Tang Y-Q, Su L. Diagnosis of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation in critically Ill adults by Sonoclot coagulation analysis. Int J Hematol. 2014;100(2):125-31.
Lee DH, Lee BK, Jeung KW, Jung YH, Lee SM, Cho YS, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is associated with the neurologic outcome of cardiac arrest survivors. Am J Emerg Med. 2017;35(11):1617-23.
Iba T, Yamada A, Hashiguchi N, Nagaoka I. New therapeutic options for patients with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 014;124(6):321-8.
Gando S, Wada H, Thachil J. Differentiating disseminated ntravascular coagulation (DIC) with the fibrinolytic phenotype from coagulopathy of trauma and acute oagulopathy of traumashock (COT/ACOTS). J Thromb Haemost JTH. 2013;11(5):826-35.
Singh B, Hanson AC, Alhurani R, Wang S, Herasevich V, Cartin- Ceba R, et al. Trends in the incidence and outcomes of disseminated intravascular coagulation in ritically ill patients (2004-2010): a population-based study. Chest. 2013;143(5):1235-42.
Haram K, Mortensen JH, Mastrolia SA, Erez O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in the HELLP syndrome: how much do we really know? J Matern-Fetal Neonatal ed. 2017;30(7):779-88.
Wei Q, Niu T, Wang M, Yang J, Liu P, Yi Y. A Revised Fibrinogen Cutoff Value in the Chinese Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Scoring System May Provide a Better Prognostic Value for Hematological Malignancies. Acta Haematol. 2017;137(3):132-40.
Erez O. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy - Clinical phenotypes and diagnostic scores. Thromb Res. 2017;151 Suppl 1:S56-60.
Levi M, van der Poll T. Coagulation and sepsis. Thromb Res. 2017;149:38-44.
Shahmarvand N, Oak JS, Cascio MJ, Alcasid M, Goodman E, Medeiros BC, et al. A study of disseminated intravascular coagulation in acute leukemia reveals markedly elevated D-dimer levels are a sensitive indicator of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39(4):375-83.
Rajagopal R, Thachil J, Monagle P. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in paediatrics. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(2):187-93.
Erez O, Mastrolia SA, Thachil J. Disseminated intravascularcoagulation in pregnancy: insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):452-63.
Levi M, van der Poll T. A short contemporary history of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2014;40(8):874-80.
Vincent J-L, Ramesh MK, Ernest D, LaRosa SP, Pachl J, Aikawa N, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2b study to evaluate the safety and fficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, ART-123, in patients with sepsis and suspected disseminated intravascular coagulation. Crit Care Med. 013;41(9):2069-79.
Hossain N, Paidas MJ. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. emin Perinatol. 2013;37(4):257-66.
Gando S, Levi M, Toh C-H. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16037.
Palta S, Saroa R, Palta A. Overview of the coagulation system. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):515-23.
Levi M, Toh CH, Thachil J, Watson HG. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol. 2009;145(1):24-33.
Hall JE. Hemostasia y coagulación sanguínea. Elsevier Health Sciences. Guyton y Hall. Tratado de fisiología médica. Duodécima edición; 2011. 451-461.
Hellum M, Øvstebø R, Brusletto BS, Berg JP, Brandtzaeg P, Henriksson CE. Microparticle-associated tissue factor activity correlates with plasma levels of bacterial ipopolysaccharides in meningococcal septic shock. Thromb Res. 2014;133(3):507–14.
Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Roberts HR. Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(9):1381-9.
Liaw PC, Ito T, Iba T, Thachil J, Zeerleder S. DAMP and DIC: The role of extracellular DNA and DNA-binding proteins in the pathogenesis of DIC. Blood Rev. 016;30(4):257-61.
Martinod K, Wagner DD. Thrombosis: tangled up in NETs. Blood. 2014;123(18):2768-76.
Martinod K, Demers M, Fuchs TA, Wong SL, Brill A, Gallant M, et al. Neutrophil histone modification by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 is critical for deep vein thrombosisn mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(21):8674-9.
Kim J-E, Lee N, Gu J-Y, Yoo HJ, Kim HK. Circulating levels of DNA-histone complex and dsDNA are independent prognostic factors of disseminated intravascular oagulation. Thromb Res. 2015;135(6):1064-9.
Witmer CM. Hematologic manifestations of systemic disease (including iron deficiency, anemia of inflammation and DIC). Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013;60(6):1337-48.
Hunt BJ. Bleeding and Coagulopathies in Critical Care. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(9):847-59.
Boral BM, Williams DJ, Boral LI. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am J Clin Pathol. 2016;146(6):670-80.
Delabranche X, Quenot J-P, Lavigne T, Mercier E, François B, Severac F, et al. Early detection of disseminated intravascular coagulation during septic shock: a multicenter prospective study. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(10):930-9.
Toh CH, Alhamdi Y, Abrams ST. Current pathological and laboratory considerations in the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Ann lab med. 2016;36(6):505-12.
Siegal T, Seligsohn U, Aghai E, Modan M. Clinical and laboratory aspects of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): a study of 118 cases. Thromb Haemost. 1978;39(1):122-34.
Feinstein DI. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with solid tumors. Oncology (Williston Park). 2015;29(2):96-102.
Levi M, van der Poll T. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a review for the internist. Intern Emerg Med. 2013;8(1):23-32.
Goel R, Ness PM, Takemoto CM, Krishnamurti L, King KE, Tobian AA. Platelet transfusions in platelet consumptive disorders are associated with arterial thrombosis and in-hospital mortality. Blood Rev. 2015;125(9):1470-6.
Thachil J. Disseminated intravascular coagulation - new pathophysiological concepts and impact on management. Expert Rev Hematol. 2016;9(8):803-14.
Mallaiah S, Barclay P, Harrod I, Chevannes C, Bhalla A. Introduction of an algorithm for ROTEM-guided fibrinogen concentrate administration in major obstetric aemorrhage. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(2):166-75.
Li WJ, Sha M, Ma W, Zhang ZP, Wu YJ, Shi DM. Efficacy evaluation of D-dimer and modified criteria in overt and nonovert disseminated intravascular coagulation diagnosis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2016;38(2):151-9.
Iba T, Ito T, Maruyama I, Jilma B, Brenner T, Müller MC, et al. Potential diagnostic markers for disseminated intravascular coagulation of sepsis. Blood Rev. 2016;30(2):149-55.
Koyama K, Madoiwa S, Nunomiya S, Koinuma T, Wada M, Sakata A, et al. Combination of thrombin-antithrombin complex, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and protein C activity for early identification of severe coagulopathy in initial phase of sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2014;18(1):R13.
Gando S, Meziani F, Levi M. What’s new in the diagnostic criteria of disseminated intravascular coagulation? Intensive Care Med. 2016 ;42(6):1062-4.
Gando S, Saitoh D, Ogura H, Fujishima S, Mayumi T, Araki T, et al. A multicenter, prospective validation study of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine disseminated intravascular coagulation scoring system in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R111.
Taylor FB, Toh CH, Hoots WK, Wada H, Levi M, Scientific Subcommittee on Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 001;86(5):1327-30.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Hatada T. Diagnostic criteria and laboratory tests for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Expert Rev Hematol. 2012;5(6):643-52.
Ha SO, Park SH, Hong SB, Jang S. Performance Evaluation of Five Different Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) iagnostic Criteria for Predicting Mortality in Patients with Complicated Sepsis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(11):1838-45.
Venugopal A. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Indian J Anaesth. 2014;58(5):603-8.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Yamashita Y. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) according to four DIC guidelines. J Intensive Care. 2014;2(1):15.
Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(7):1342-51.
Yahata M, Sakamoto Y. Anti DIC therapy. Nihon Rinsho Jpn J Clin Med. 2016;74(2):257-61.
Iba T, Nagaoka I, Boulat M. The anticoagulant therapy for sepsisassociated disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Res. 2013;131(5):383-9.
Liu XL, Wang XZ, Liu XX, Hao D, Jaladat Y, Lu F, et al. Lowdose heparin as treatment for early disseminated intravascular coagulation during sepsis: A prospective clinical study. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(3):604-8.
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Aota T, Yamashita Y. Progress in diagnosis and treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2015;56(2):169-76.
Hagiwara A, Tanaka N, Uemura T, Matsuda W, Kimura A. Can recombinant human thrombomodulin increase survival among patients with severe septic-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2016;6(12):e012850.
Saito H, Maruyama I, Shimazaki S, Yamamoto Y, Aikawa N, Ohno R, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (ART-123) in isseminated intravascular coagulation: results of a phase III, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(1):31-41.
Yamakawa K, Ogura H, Fujimi S, Morikawa M, Ogawa Y, Mohri T, et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin in sepsisinduced disseminated intravascular coagulation: a multicenter propensity score analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(4):644-52.
Iba T, Gando S, Thachil J. Anticoagulant therapy for sepsisassociated disseminated intravascular coagulation: the view from Japan. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(7):1010-9.
Eisele B, Lamy M, Thijs LG, Keinecke HO, Schuster HP, Matthias FR, et al. Antithrombin III in patients with severe sepsis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial plus a meta-analysis on all randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials with antithrombin III in severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 998;24(7):663-72.
Gando S, Saitoh D, Ishikura H, Ueyama M, Otomo Y, Oda S, et al. A randomized, controlled, multicenter trial of the effects of antithrombin on disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2013;17(6):R297.
Yasuda N, Goto K, Ohchi Y, Abe T, Koga H, Kitano T. The efficacy and safety of antithrombin and recombinant human thrombomodulin combination therapy in patients with severe sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. J Crit Care. 2016;36:29-34.
Goodnough LT, Shander AS. Recombinant factor VIIa: safety and efficacy. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(5):504-9.
Martí-Carvajal AJ, Anand V, Solà I. Treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD008562.
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