Abstract
Since the 1990s, due to the increase in the consumption of audiovisual material and particularly since the onset of the
COVID-19 pandemic confinement, the population has been more exposed to development. A literature search was
conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar and Lilacs. Applying the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 53 references were
obtained, from which the review was developed. It was found that excessive exposure to screens is harmful to children
as it produces alterations in language, sociability, sleep-wake cycle, limbic system, behavior and mesolimbic dopaminergic
system; which can affect the normal development of a child, depending mainly on the age at the time of exposure, the time
and whether there is accompaniment or not.
References
Heffler KF, Oestreicher LM. Causation model of autism: Audiovisual brain specialization in infancy competes with social brain networks. Med Hypotheses [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Apr 13];91:114–22. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.019.
Chassiakos YR, Radesky J, Christakis D, Moreno MA, Cross C, Hill D, et al. Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Jun 9];138(5). Disponible en: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/5/e20162593/60349/Children-and-Adolescents-and-Digital-Media.
Carroll N, Sadowski A, Laila A, Hruska V, Nixon M, Ma DWL, et al. The impact of covid-19 on health behavior, stress, financial and food security among middle to high income canadian families with young children. Nutrients [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Jun 9];12(8):1–1. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784530/.
González SA, Sarmiento OL, Florez-Pregonero A, Katzmarzyk PT, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Excessive Recreational Screen Time Among Colombian Children and Adolescents. Int J Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Feb 23 [cited 2022 Oct 19];67. Disponible en: /pmc/articles/PMC8904350/.
Digital media: Promoting healthy screen use in school-aged children and adolescents | Canadian Paediatric Society [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 9]. Disponible en: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/digital-media.
Hill D, Ameenuddin N, Chassiakos YR, Cross C, Radesky J, Hutchinson J, et al. Media and young minds. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016 Nov 1 [cited 2021 Jun 9];138(5). Disponible en: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/5/e20162591/60503/Media-and-Young-Minds.
Screen time and young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world | Canadian Paediatric Society [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 9]. Disponible en: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/screen-time-and-youngchildren.
Mansilla M. ETAPAS DEL DESARROLLO HUMANO María Eugenia Mansilla A. Investig en Psicol [Internet]. 2000;3(2):106–16. Disponible en: https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bvrevistas/investigacion_psicologia/v03_n2/pdf/a08v3n2.pdf.
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia A-S, Mcnamara JO, et al. Neurociencia. Tercera ed. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2008. 617–623.
BBC News mundo. La fascinante historia de cómo los smartphones se volvieron tan inteligentes - BBC News Mundo [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 28]. Disponible en: https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-38436119.
Márquez I. El smartphone como metamedio. Observatorio. 2017;11(2):61–71.
Bennett J, Lanning S. The Netflix Prize. KDD Cup Work. 2007;3–6.
Kuhl PK, Tsao FM, Liu HM. Foreign-language experience in infancy: Effects of short-term exposure and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2003 Jul 22 [cited 2022 Nov 16];100(15):9096-101. Disponible en: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1532872100.
Domingues-Montanari S. Clinical and psychological effects of excessive screen time on children [Internet]. Vol. 53, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. Blackwell Publishing; 2017 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. p. 333–8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28168778/.
Hu BY, Johnson GK, Teo T, Wu Z. Relationship Between Screen Time and Chinese Children’s Cognitive and Social Development. J Res Child Educ [Internet]. 2020 Apr 2 [cited 2021 Jun 10];34(2):183–207. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02568543.2019.1702600?journalCode=ujrc20.
Sharpe A. The Effects of Touchscreen Technology Usage on the Social Emotional Development of Preschool-Aged Children. Univ Pacific Theses Diss [Internet]. 2021 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Jun 10]; Disponible en: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3749.
Kuhl PK. Brain Mechanisms in Early Language Acquisition. Vol. 67, Neuron. Cell Press; 2010. p. 713–27.
Madigan S, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, Eirich R, Christakis DA. Associations between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 Jul 1 [cited 2021 Apr 15];174(7):665–75. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/.
Operto FF, Pastorino GMG, Marciano J, de Simone V, Volini AP, Olivieri M, et al. Digital devices use and language skills in children between 8 and 36 month. Brain Sci [Internet]. 2020 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Jun 11];10(9):1–13. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563257/.
Lin LY, Cherng RJ, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Yang HM. Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behav Dev [Internet]. 2015 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Jun 11];38:20–6. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25544743/.
Christakis DA, Benedikt Ramirez JS, Ferguson SM, Ravinder S, Ramirez JM. How early media exposure May affect cognitive function: A review of results from observations in humans and experiments in mice [Internet]. Vol. 115, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences; 2018 [cited 2021 Apr 9]. p. 9851–8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30275319/.
Chen JY, Strodl E, Wu C an, Huang LH, Yin XN, Wen GM, et al. Screen time and autistic-like behaviors among preschool children in China. Psychol Heal Med [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 10];26(5):607–20. Disponible en: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13548506.2020.1851034.
Mahmood I. A Survey on Early Screen Exposure during Infancy and Autism. 2021.
Chen J-Y, Strodl E, Huang L-H, Chen Y-J, Yang G-Y, Chen W-Q. Early Electronic Screen Exposure and Autistic-Like Behaviors among Preschoolers: The Mediating Role of Caregiver-Child Interaction, Sleep Duration and Outdoor Activities. Children [Internet]. 2020 Oct 28 [cited 2021 Jul 5];7(11):200. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33126543/.
Harlé B. Intensive early screen exposure as a causal factor for symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder: The case for «Virtual autism». Trends Neurosci Educ [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Jun 12];17. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685125/.
Roseberry S, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM. Skype Me! Socially Contingent Interactions Help Toddlers Learn Language. Child Dev [Internet]. 2014 May 1 [cited 2021 May 3];85(3):956–70. Disponible en: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cdev.12166.
Kuhl PK. Early language acquisition: Cracking the speech code [Internet]. Vol. 5, Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004 [cited 2021 Apr 14]. p. 831– 43. Disponible en: http://www.nature.com/articles/nrn1533.
Gaudreau C, King YA, Dore RA, Puttre H, Nichols D, Hirsh-Pasek K, et al. Preschoolers Benefit Equally From Video Chat, Pseudo-Contingent Video, and Live Book Reading: Implications for Storytime During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 3 [cited 2021 Jun 13];11:2158. Disponible en: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02158/full.
McCracken L. Screen Time Effects on Pediatrics. Undergrad Honor Theses [Internet]. 2019 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Jun 13]; Disponible en: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=undergrad-honors.
Hassinger-Das B, Brennan S, Dore RA, Golinkoff RM, Hirsh-Pasek K. Children and Screens. Annu Rev Dev Psychol [Internet]. 2020 Dec 15 [cited 2021 Jun 13];2(1):69–92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-.
Hutton JS, Dudley J, Horowitz-Kraus T, Dewitt T, Holland SK. Associations between ScreenBased Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Jun 13];174(1):193869. Disponible en: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2754101.
Small GW, Lee J, Kaufman A, Jalil J, Siddarth P, Gaddipati H, et al. Brain health consequences of digital technology use. Dialogues Clin Neurosci [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 13];22(2):179–87. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366948/.
Kostyrka-Allchorne K, Cooper NR, Simpson A. The relationship between television exposure and children’s cognition and behaviour: A systematic review. Dev Rev. 2017 Jun 1;44:19–58.
Abels M, Vanden Abeele M, Van Telgen T, Van Meijl H. Nod, nod, ignore: An exploratory observational study on the relation between parental mobile media use and parental responsiveness towards young children — Tilburg University Research Portal [Internet]. Language, communication and cognition. 2018 [cited 2021 Jun 14]. p. 195–228. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325120583_Nod_nod_ignore_An_exploratory_observational_study_on_the_relation_between_parental_mobile_media_use_and_parental_responsiveness_towards_young_children.
Barr R, Linebarger DN. Media exposure during infancy and early childhood: The effects of content and context on learning and development. Media Exposure During Infancy and Early Childhood: The Effects of Content and Context on Learning and Development. Springer International Publishing; 2016. 1–303 p.
Sénéchal M, Lefevre JA. Continuity and change in the home literacy environment as predictors of growth in vocabulary and reading. Child Dev [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 10];85(4):1552– 68. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24467656/.
Ciaran Haughton, Mary Aiken, Carly Cheevers. Cyber Babies: The Impact of Emerging Technology on the Developing Infant. J Psychol Res. 2015 Sep 28;5(9).
Chindamo S, Buja A, DeBattisti E, Terraneo A, Marini E, Gomez Perez LJ, et al. Sleep and new media usage in toddlers. Eur J Pediatr. 2019 Apr 1;178(4):483–90.
Beyens I, Nathanson AI. Electronic Media Use and Sleep Among Preschoolers: Evidence for TimeShifted and Less Consolidated Sleep. Health Commun [Internet]. 2019 Apr 16 [cited 2021 Jun 10];34(5):537–44. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1422102.
Salti R, Tarquini R, Stagi S, Perfetto F, Cornélissen G, Laffi G, et al. Age-dependent association of exposure to television screen with children’s urinary melatonin excretion? Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2006 Feb;27(1–2):73–80.
Cain N, Gradisar M. Electronic media use and sleep in school-aged children and adolescents: A review [Internet]. Vol. 11, Sleep Medicine. Sleep Med; 2010 [cited 2021 Jun 12]. p. 735–42. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20673649/.
Arora T, Broglia E, Thomas GN, Taheri S. Associations between specific technologies and adolescent sleep quantity, sleep quality, and parasomnias. Sleep Med [Internet]. 2014 Feb [cited 2021 Jun 12];15(2):240–7. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24394730/.
H X, LM W, LL H, C R. Associations of outdoor play and screen time with nocturnal sleep duration and pattern among young children. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2016 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Jul 9];105(3):297–303. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26607843/.
Chen J-Y, Strodl E, Huang L-H, Chen Y-J, Yang G-Y, Chen W-Q. Early Electronic Screen Exposure and Autistic-Like Behaviors among Preschoolers: The Mediating Role of Caregiver-Child Interaction, Sleep Duration and Outdoor Activities. Children [Internet]. 2020 Oct 28 [cited 2021 Jun 11];7(11):200. Disponible en: www.mdpi.com/journal/children.
Dworak M, Wiater A. YOUNG PEOPLE, MEDIA AND HEALTH EDITORS: CECILIA VON FEILITZEN YOUNG PEOPLE, MEDIA AND HEALTH RISKS AND RIGHTS EDITORS: CECILIA VON FEILITZEN [Internet]. Von Feilitzen C, Stenersen J, editors. Suecia : University of Gothenburg; 2014 [cited 2021 Jun 13]. 99–108 p. Disponible en: http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1534781&dswid=4166.
Tsouklidis N, Tallaj N, Tallaj Y, Heindl SE. Lights Out! The Body Needs Sleep: Electronic Devices and Sleep Deficiency. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 Jul 20 [cited 2021 Jun 13];12(7). Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7377014/.
Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Hashizume H, Asano K, Asano M, Sassa Y, et al. Impact of videogame play on the brain’s microstructural properties: Crosssectional and longitudinal analyses. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Jun 11];21(12):1781– 9. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/mp2015193.
Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Hashizume H, Asano K, Asano M, Sassa Y, et al. The Impact of Television Viewing on Brain Structures : Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses. 2015;(May):1188–97.
Sigman A. Screen Dependency Disorders: a new challenge for child neurology. J Int Child Neurol Assoc [Internet]. 2017 Apr 19 [cited 2021 Jun 9];1(1). Disponible en: https://www.jicna.org/index.php/journal/article/view/67.
Kohyama J. Lifestyle habits associated with screen time among pupils in Japan. Pediatr Int [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1 [cited 2021 Jun 9];63(2):189–95. Disponible en: https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ped.14371.
Torres JSS, Córdoba WJD, Cerón LFZ, Amézquita CAN, Bastidas TOZ. Correlación funcional del sistema límbico con la emoción, el aprendizaje y la memoria. Morfolia [Internet]. 2015 May 1 [cited 2021 Jun 9];7(2):29–44. Disponible en: https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/morfolia/article/view/52874.
Skalická V, Wold Hygen B, Stenseng F, Kårstad SB, Wichstrøm L. Screen time and the development of emotion understanding from age 4 to age 8: A community study. Br J Dev Psychol [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Jun 11];37(3):427–43. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30816568/.
Lissak G. Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environ Res. 2018 Jul 1;164:149–57.
Swanson JM, Volkow ND, Newcorn J, Casey BJ, Moyzis R, Grandy D, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Encycl Cogn Sci. 2006.
Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA. A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci. 2005 Jun;28(3):397–419.
Banerjee T Das, Middleton F, Faraone S V. Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2007;96(9):1269–74.
Médico Arequipa Arequipa C, Delgado AUNA Lima C, Anglo Americana Lima C, de Medicina Alberto Hurtado F, Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima U, Rusca-Jordán F, et al. Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños y adolescentes. Una revisión clínica. Rev Neuropsiquiatr [Internet]. 2020 Oct 9 [cited 2022 Nov 16];83(3):148–56. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-85972020000300148.
Healy JM. Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attention Problems in Children. Vol. 113, Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2004. p. 917–8.
Miller CJ, Marks DJ, Miller SR, Berwid OG, Kera EC, Santra A, et al. Brief report: Television viewing and risk for attention problems in preschool children. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(4):448–52.
Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, DiGiuseppe DL, McCarty CA. Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children. Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4 I):708–13.
Cheng S, Maeda T, Yoichi S, Yamagata Z, Tomiwa K. Early television exposure and children’s behavioral and social outcomes at age 30 months. J Epidemiol. 2010;20(SUPPL.2):1–2.
Swing EL, Gentile DA, Anderson CA, Walsh DA. Television and video game exposure and the development of attention problems. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2010 Aug [cited 2021 Apr 9];126(2):214–21. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603258/.
Peralta GP, Forns J, García de la Hera M, González L, Guxens M, López-Vicente M, et al. Sleeping, TV, Cognitively Stimulating Activities, Physical Activity, and ADHD Symptom Incidence in Children. J Dev Behav Pediatr [Internet]. 2017;0(0):1. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261536/.
Zivan M, Bar S, Jing X, Hutton J, Farah R, Horowitz-Kraus T. Screen-exposure and altered brain activation related to attention in preschool children: An EEG study. Trends Neurosci Educ. 2019 Dec 1;17.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Médicas UIS