Keywords
Vascular Dementia
Cerebral Infarction
Hypoxia
Therapeutics
Diagnosis
Cerebral Infarction
Hypoxia
Therapeutics
Diagnosis
How to Cite
Castro Samur, M., Caamaño, B., Herrera Carvajal, H. H. C., & Guerro Bracho, D. (2012). Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of vascular dementia. Médicas UIS, 25(3). Retrieved from https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistamedicasuis/article/view/3428
Abstract
Introduction: vascular dementia is an acquired and persistent syndrome caused by vascular injuries in the central nervous system, altering the functions of intellect and cognition, which are essential for the biological, psychological and social balance on the individual. Objective: describe the recent advances in vascular dementia; diagnostic criteria, predisposing factors, epidemiology, neuropathology, and neurocognitive profile psychiatric and comprehensive therapeutic approach. Methods: updated review of the literature, using automated search of recent articles in journals indexed in biomedical database, during the months of March to May 2012. Results: we found 55 articles with updated information that consolidate the objectives of the review. Conclusions: vascular dementia has taken an important role on morbidity, especially in the geriatric population, as a result of the high prevalence of cerebrovascular diseases. Prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation must be priorities in the clinical practice, given the importance of mental health in this population, which has been underestimated in Colombia. (MÉD.UIS. 2012;25(3):221-7).
References
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2. Rastas S, Pirttilä T, Mattilac K, Verkkoniemid A, Juva K, Niinistö L, et al. Vascular risk factors and dementia in the general population aged >85 years: prospective population-based study. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(1):1-7.
3. Sasaki Y, Mari Kasai, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Kyoko Akanuma, Mitsue Meguro, Hiroshi Ishii, et al. P2-120: Vascular risk factors are associated with vascular dementia or concomitant cerebrovascular diseases but not with. Alzheimer’s disease: The Osaki-Tajiri Project. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2008;4:T406.
4. Román GC. The epidemiology of vascular dementia. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;89:639-58.
5. Dong MJ, Peng B, Lin XT, Zhao J, Zhou YR, Wang RH. The prevalence of dementia in the People’s Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies. Age Ageing. 2007;36(6):619-24.
6. Román GC. Facts, myths, and controversies in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(1-2):49-52.
7. Decarli C. Vascular factors in dementia: an overview. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(1-2):19–23.
8. Kloppenborg RP, van den Berg E, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Diabetes and other vascular risk factors for dementia: which factor matters most? A systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;585(1):97-108.
9. Azad NA, Al Bugami M, Loy-English I. Gender differences in dementia risk factors. Gend Med. 2007;4(2):120-9.
10. Patterson C, Feightner J, Garcia J, MacKnight C. General risk factors for dementia: a systematic evidence review. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:341-7.
11. Stella F, Banzato CE, Gasparetto EV, Scudeler JL, Pacheco JL, Kajita RT. Risk factors for vascular dementia in elderly psychiatric outpatients with preserved cognitive functions. J Neurol Sci. 2007;257(1-2):247–9.
12. Takahashi PY, Caldwell C, Targonski C. Effect of alcohol and tobacco use on vascular dementia: a matched case control study. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:685–91.
13. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Breviario. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. p.81-2.
14. Wetterling T, Kanitz RD, Borgis KJ. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN). Stroke. 1996; 27:30-6.
15. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC, Breteler MM,Nyenhuis DL, Black SE,et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2220–41.
16. Jellinger KA.Morphologic diagnosis of “vascular dementia” - a critical update. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):1–12.
17. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Martelli M, Servadei L, Brunetti N, et al. Incidence and etiology of dementia in a large elderly Italian population. Neurology. 2005;64:1525–30.
18. Jellinger KA. The pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia: an update. J Neurol Sci. 2002;203-204:153–7.
19. Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM.
Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(3):272-82.
20. Brundel M, de Bresser J, van Dillen JJ, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Cerebral microinfarcts: A systematic review of neuropathological studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(3):425-36.
21. Román G, Benavente O. The neuropathology of vascular dementia. Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke. 2008;4:87-96.
22. Iemolo F, Duro G, Rizzo C, Castiglia L, Hachinski V, Caruso C. Pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Immun Ageing. 2009;6:13.
23. Batti L, O’Connor JJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha impairs the recovery of synaptic transmission from hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices. J Neuroimmunol.2010;218(1-2):21-7.
24. Campbell IL, Hofer MJ, Pagenstecher A. Transgenic models for cytokine-induced neurological disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1802(10):903-17.
25. Cañuelo A, Siles E, Martínez-Romero R, Peinado MA, Martínez-Lara E. The nitric oxide system response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in the aged cerebral cortex. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42(12):1137-45.
26. Dickstein DL, Kabaso D, Rocher AB, Luebke JL, Wearne SL, and Hof PR. Changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain. Aging Cell. 2007;6:275–84.
27. Ritz MF, Fluri F, Engelter ST, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Lyrer PA. Cortical and putamen age-related changes in the microvessel density and astrocyte deficiency in spontaneously hypertensive and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2009;6(4):279–87.
28. SzirmaiI ,Vastagh I, Szombathelyi E, Kamondi A. Strategic infarcts of the thalamus in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2002;203-204:91–7.
29. Del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A, Arredondo JM, Bouras C, Constantinidis J. Vascular dementia: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Sci. 1990;96:1-17.
30. Nagata K, Saito H, Ueno T, Sato M, Nakase T, Maeda T, et al. Clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2007;256:44-8.
31. Borroni B, Ghezzi S, Agosti C, Archetti S, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, et al. Preliminary evidence that VEGF genetic variability confers susceptibility to frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Rejuvenation Res. 2008; 11:773-80.
32. Hota SK, Barhwal K, Singh SB, Ilavazhagan G. Chronic hypobaric hypoxia induced apoptosis in CA1 region of hippocampus: a possible role of NMDAR mediated p75NTR upregulation. Exp Neurol. 2008;212:5-13.
33. Kennedy KM, Rodrigue KM, Land SJ, Raz N. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism influences age differences in microstructure of the Corpus Callosum. Front Hum Neurosci. 2009;3:19.
34. Munro C, Saxton J, Butters M. Alcohol dementia: “cortical” or “subcortical” dementia? Arch ClinNeuropsychol. 2001;16:523-33.
35. Shim YS, Yang DS, Kim BS, Shon YM, Chung YA. Comparison of regional cerebral blood flow in two subsets of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia:statistical parametric mapping analysis of SPECT. J of the Neurol Sci. 2006;250:85-91.
36. Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Wielopolski PA, Krestin GP, Breteler MM, van der Lugt A. Cerebral microbleeds: accelerated 3D T2*-weighted GRE MR imaging versus conventional 2D T2*-weighted GRE MR imaging for detection. Radiology. 2008;248(1):272-7.
37. Tomimoto H. Subcortical vascular dementia. Neurosci Res. 2011;71:193-9.
38. Wu Z, Mittal S, Kish K, Yu Y, Hu J, Haacke EM. Identification of calcification with MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging: a case study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;29(1):177-82.
39. Silverman DH, Small GW, Chang CY, Lu CS, Kung De Aburto MA, Chen W, et al. Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: Regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAMA. 2001;286:2120-2.
40. Ayaz M, Boikov A, Haacke E, Kido DK, Kirsch W. Imaging cerebral microbleeds using susceptibility weighted imaging: one step toward detecting vascular dementia. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31:142-8.
41. Schuff N, Matsumoto S, Kmiecik J, Studholme C, Du A, Ezekiel F, et al. Cerebral blood flow in ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease,measured by arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5:454-62.
42. Martínez MC, Arana E, Martí L, Martínez B, Celda B. Deterioro cognitivo: clasificación mediante espectroscopia de resonancia magnética de protón y contribución de la imagen convencional. Radiología. 2006;48(5):301-7.
43. Korczyn AD, Halperin I. Depression and dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2009;283:139-42.
44. Ballard C, Neill D, O’Brien J, McKeith IG, Ince P, Perry R. Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: prevalence and associations. J Affect Disord. 2000;59:97-106.
45. Samaras N,Rossi G, Giannakopoulos P, Gold G. Vascular depression. An age-related mood disorder. Eur Geriatr Med. 2010;1:220-5.
46. Wang LY,Li G, Shofer JB, Thompson ML, Bowen JD, McCormick W. Depression symptoms and risk of Alzheimer›s disease, vascular dementia, and other types of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6:S461-2.
47. Hopkins MW, Libon DJ. Neuropsychological functioning of dementia patients with psychosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20:771-83.
48. Dettmore D, Kolanowski A, Boustani M. Aggression in Persons with Dementia: Use of Nursing Theory to Guide Clinical Practice. Geriatr Nurs. 2009; 30:8-17.
49. Lüders S, Stöve S, Schrader J. Prevention of vascular dementia: Evidence and practice. Internist (Berl). 2012;53(2):223-31.
50. Pattersona C, Feightnerb J, Garciac A, MacKnightd C. Primary prevention of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:348-54.
51. Bocti C, Black S, Frank C. Management of dementia with a cerebrovascular component. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:398-403.
52. Olivares D, Deshpande VK, Shi Y, Lahiri DK, Greig NH, Rogers JT, et al. N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and memantine treatment for Alzheimer›s disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson›s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Aug 30. [Epub ahead of print].
53. Brunoni AR, Benseñor IM, Alves TC. Therapeutic interventions for vascular depression: a systematic review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33(4):400-9.
54. Erkinjuntti T, Román G, Gauthier S. Treatment of vascular dementia-evidence from clinical trials with cholinesterase inhibitors. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(12):63-6.
2. Rastas S, Pirttilä T, Mattilac K, Verkkoniemid A, Juva K, Niinistö L, et al. Vascular risk factors and dementia in the general population aged >85 years: prospective population-based study. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(1):1-7.
3. Sasaki Y, Mari Kasai, Satoshi Yamaguchi, Kyoko Akanuma, Mitsue Meguro, Hiroshi Ishii, et al. P2-120: Vascular risk factors are associated with vascular dementia or concomitant cerebrovascular diseases but not with. Alzheimer’s disease: The Osaki-Tajiri Project. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. 2008;4:T406.
4. Román GC. The epidemiology of vascular dementia. Handb Clin Neurol. 2008;89:639-58.
5. Dong MJ, Peng B, Lin XT, Zhao J, Zhou YR, Wang RH. The prevalence of dementia in the People’s Republic of China: a systematic analysis of 1980-2004 studies. Age Ageing. 2007;36(6):619-24.
6. Román GC. Facts, myths, and controversies in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(1-2):49-52.
7. Decarli C. Vascular factors in dementia: an overview. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(1-2):19–23.
8. Kloppenborg RP, van den Berg E, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Diabetes and other vascular risk factors for dementia: which factor matters most? A systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;585(1):97-108.
9. Azad NA, Al Bugami M, Loy-English I. Gender differences in dementia risk factors. Gend Med. 2007;4(2):120-9.
10. Patterson C, Feightner J, Garcia J, MacKnight C. General risk factors for dementia: a systematic evidence review. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:341-7.
11. Stella F, Banzato CE, Gasparetto EV, Scudeler JL, Pacheco JL, Kajita RT. Risk factors for vascular dementia in elderly psychiatric outpatients with preserved cognitive functions. J Neurol Sci. 2007;257(1-2):247–9.
12. Takahashi PY, Caldwell C, Targonski C. Effect of alcohol and tobacco use on vascular dementia: a matched case control study. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:685–91.
13. American Psychiatric Association. Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales. Breviario. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association. 2000. p.81-2.
14. Wetterling T, Kanitz RD, Borgis KJ. Comparison of different diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia (ADDTC, DSM-IV, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN). Stroke. 1996; 27:30-6.
15. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC, Breteler MM,Nyenhuis DL, Black SE,et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke. 2006;37(9):2220–41.
16. Jellinger KA.Morphologic diagnosis of “vascular dementia” - a critical update. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):1–12.
17. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Martelli M, Servadei L, Brunetti N, et al. Incidence and etiology of dementia in a large elderly Italian population. Neurology. 2005;64:1525–30.
18. Jellinger KA. The pathology of ischemic-vascular dementia: an update. J Neurol Sci. 2002;203-204:153–7.
19. Smith EE, Schneider JA, Wardlaw JM, Greenberg SM.
Cerebral microinfarcts: the invisible lesions. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(3):272-82.
20. Brundel M, de Bresser J, van Dillen JJ, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Cerebral microinfarcts: A systematic review of neuropathological studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(3):425-36.
21. Román G, Benavente O. The neuropathology of vascular dementia. Seminars in Cerebrovascular Diseases and Stroke. 2008;4:87-96.
22. Iemolo F, Duro G, Rizzo C, Castiglia L, Hachinski V, Caruso C. Pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Immun Ageing. 2009;6:13.
23. Batti L, O’Connor JJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha impairs the recovery of synaptic transmission from hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices. J Neuroimmunol.2010;218(1-2):21-7.
24. Campbell IL, Hofer MJ, Pagenstecher A. Transgenic models for cytokine-induced neurological disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1802(10):903-17.
25. Cañuelo A, Siles E, Martínez-Romero R, Peinado MA, Martínez-Lara E. The nitric oxide system response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in the aged cerebral cortex. Exp Gerontol. 2007;42(12):1137-45.
26. Dickstein DL, Kabaso D, Rocher AB, Luebke JL, Wearne SL, and Hof PR. Changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain. Aging Cell. 2007;6:275–84.
27. Ritz MF, Fluri F, Engelter ST, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Lyrer PA. Cortical and putamen age-related changes in the microvessel density and astrocyte deficiency in spontaneously hypertensive and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2009;6(4):279–87.
28. SzirmaiI ,Vastagh I, Szombathelyi E, Kamondi A. Strategic infarcts of the thalamus in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2002;203-204:91–7.
29. Del Ser T, Bermejo F, Portera A, Arredondo JM, Bouras C, Constantinidis J. Vascular dementia: a clinicopathological study. J Neurol Sci. 1990;96:1-17.
30. Nagata K, Saito H, Ueno T, Sato M, Nakase T, Maeda T, et al. Clinical diagnosis of vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2007;256:44-8.
31. Borroni B, Ghezzi S, Agosti C, Archetti S, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, et al. Preliminary evidence that VEGF genetic variability confers susceptibility to frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Rejuvenation Res. 2008; 11:773-80.
32. Hota SK, Barhwal K, Singh SB, Ilavazhagan G. Chronic hypobaric hypoxia induced apoptosis in CA1 region of hippocampus: a possible role of NMDAR mediated p75NTR upregulation. Exp Neurol. 2008;212:5-13.
33. Kennedy KM, Rodrigue KM, Land SJ, Raz N. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism influences age differences in microstructure of the Corpus Callosum. Front Hum Neurosci. 2009;3:19.
34. Munro C, Saxton J, Butters M. Alcohol dementia: “cortical” or “subcortical” dementia? Arch ClinNeuropsychol. 2001;16:523-33.
35. Shim YS, Yang DS, Kim BS, Shon YM, Chung YA. Comparison of regional cerebral blood flow in two subsets of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia:statistical parametric mapping analysis of SPECT. J of the Neurol Sci. 2006;250:85-91.
36. Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Wielopolski PA, Krestin GP, Breteler MM, van der Lugt A. Cerebral microbleeds: accelerated 3D T2*-weighted GRE MR imaging versus conventional 2D T2*-weighted GRE MR imaging for detection. Radiology. 2008;248(1):272-7.
37. Tomimoto H. Subcortical vascular dementia. Neurosci Res. 2011;71:193-9.
38. Wu Z, Mittal S, Kish K, Yu Y, Hu J, Haacke EM. Identification of calcification with MRI using susceptibility-weighted imaging: a case study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;29(1):177-82.
39. Silverman DH, Small GW, Chang CY, Lu CS, Kung De Aburto MA, Chen W, et al. Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia: Regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAMA. 2001;286:2120-2.
40. Ayaz M, Boikov A, Haacke E, Kido DK, Kirsch W. Imaging cerebral microbleeds using susceptibility weighted imaging: one step toward detecting vascular dementia. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31:142-8.
41. Schuff N, Matsumoto S, Kmiecik J, Studholme C, Du A, Ezekiel F, et al. Cerebral blood flow in ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease,measured by arterial spin-labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5:454-62.
42. Martínez MC, Arana E, Martí L, Martínez B, Celda B. Deterioro cognitivo: clasificación mediante espectroscopia de resonancia magnética de protón y contribución de la imagen convencional. Radiología. 2006;48(5):301-7.
43. Korczyn AD, Halperin I. Depression and dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2009;283:139-42.
44. Ballard C, Neill D, O’Brien J, McKeith IG, Ince P, Perry R. Anxiety, depression and psychosis in vascular dementia: prevalence and associations. J Affect Disord. 2000;59:97-106.
45. Samaras N,Rossi G, Giannakopoulos P, Gold G. Vascular depression. An age-related mood disorder. Eur Geriatr Med. 2010;1:220-5.
46. Wang LY,Li G, Shofer JB, Thompson ML, Bowen JD, McCormick W. Depression symptoms and risk of Alzheimer›s disease, vascular dementia, and other types of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6:S461-2.
47. Hopkins MW, Libon DJ. Neuropsychological functioning of dementia patients with psychosis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;20:771-83.
48. Dettmore D, Kolanowski A, Boustani M. Aggression in Persons with Dementia: Use of Nursing Theory to Guide Clinical Practice. Geriatr Nurs. 2009; 30:8-17.
49. Lüders S, Stöve S, Schrader J. Prevention of vascular dementia: Evidence and practice. Internist (Berl). 2012;53(2):223-31.
50. Pattersona C, Feightnerb J, Garciac A, MacKnightd C. Primary prevention of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:348-54.
51. Bocti C, Black S, Frank C. Management of dementia with a cerebrovascular component. Alzheimers Dement. 2007;3:398-403.
52. Olivares D, Deshpande VK, Shi Y, Lahiri DK, Greig NH, Rogers JT, et al. N-Methyl D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and memantine treatment for Alzheimer›s disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson›s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011 Aug 30. [Epub ahead of print].
53. Brunoni AR, Benseñor IM, Alves TC. Therapeutic interventions for vascular depression: a systematic review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33(4):400-9.
54. Erkinjuntti T, Román G, Gauthier S. Treatment of vascular dementia-evidence from clinical trials with cholinesterase inhibitors. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226(12):63-6.
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