Keywords
Accidente cerebrovascular
Predicción
Recuperación de la Función
Diagnóstico por Imagen
Predicción
Recuperación de la Función
Diagnóstico por Imagen
How to Cite
Rojas Villabona, Álvaro R. V. (2012). ¿Cuál es la evidencia, de comportamiento y datos de imágenes, que podemos predecir cómo se recupera la gente después de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico?. Médicas UIS, 25(3). Retrieved from https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistamedicasuis/article/view/3436
Abstract
Introducción: la incidencia de enfermedad cerebro vascular en países desarrollados está en aumento y es la primera causa de discapacidad permanente en países desarrollados. La predicción temprana de futura funcionalidad es importante para el tratamiento de la enfermedad cerebro vascular. Se pretende revisar si la severidad del déficit inicial y los hallazgos radiológicos podrían predecir la recuperación funcional a largo plazo tras un accidente cerebro vascular isquémico. Metodología de búsqueda: se desarrolló una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos PubMed, para identificar estudios que evalúen cómo el déficit neurológico inicial y los hallazgos radiológicos pueden predecir la recuperación a largo plazo en accidente cerebro vascular isquémico. Se seleccionaron 35 artículos para desarrollar una revisión no sistemática de la literatura y se usó como modelo de niveles de evidencia del centro de medicina basada en la evidencia de Oxford, para evaluar la calidad de la literatura encontrada. Resultados: la edad y el déficit inicial evaluado con la escala de enfermedad cerebro vascular de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud, fueron los mejores predictores de recuperación a largo plazo tras un accidente cerebro vascular isquémico. La severidad del déficit en categorías específicas, como por ejemplo, función del miembro superior, marcha y
actividades de la vida diaria, tuvieron un nivel menor de evidencia en predicción de discapacidad posaccidente cerebro vascular. Un valor pronóstico definitivo para el tamaño del infarto no ha sido convincentemente demostrado. La localización de la lesión, particularmente el compromiso del tracto cortico espinal evaluado con imágenes de difusión por tensión, parece ser un buen predictor de recuperación. El patrón de activación cerebral tras un accidente cerebro vascular evaluado con resonancia magnética funcional y tomografía por emisión de positrones tuvo un moderado nivel de evidencia como predictor de recuperación tras un accidente cerebro vascular. Conclusiones: la severidad del déficit inicial puede ser usado para predecir recuperación neurológica tras un accidente cerebro vascular isquémico y nuevas técnicas radiológicas son muy prometedoras en la predicción de recuperación a largo plazo de la enfermedad cerebro vascular isquémica. (MÉD.UIS.2012;25(3):229-38)
References
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2. Stinear C. Prediction of recovery of motor function after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1228-32.
3. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(4):291-313.
4. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis-I-Estadella J, Prados F,Remollo S, et al. Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(5):857-63.
5. Levels of Evidence. BJU International. 2011;107(2):348.
6. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):159-70.
7. Phillips B BC, Sackett D. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. 2001. Updated by J. Howick 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025.
8. Kranz PG, Eastwood JD. Does diffusion-weighted imaging represent the ischemic core? An evidence-based systematic review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1206-12.
9. Hallevi H, Albright KC, Martin-Schild SB, Barreto AD, Morales MM, Bornstein N, et al. Recovery after ischemic stroke: criteria for good outcome by level of disability at day 7. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):341-8.
10. Alexander LD, Pettersen JA, Hopyan JJ, Sahlas DJ, Black SE. Long-term prediction of functional outcome after stroke using the Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score in the subacute stage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(8):737-44.
11. Weimar C, Konig IR, Kraywinkel K, Ziegler A, Diener HC. Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 hours after onset are accurate predictors of outcome after cerebral ischemia: development and external validation of prognostic models. Stroke. 2004;35(1):158-62.
12. Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
13. Vora NA, Shook SJ, Schumacher HC, Tievsky AL, Albers GW, Wechsler LR, et al. A 5-item scale to predict stroke outcome after cortical middle cerebral artery territory infarction: validation from results of the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) Study. Stroke. 2011;42(3):645-9.
14. Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-6.
15. Muscari A, Puddu GM, Santoro N, Zoli M. A simple scoring system for outcome prediction of ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124(5):334-42.
16. Knoflach M, Matosevic B, Rücker M, Furtner M, Mair A, Wille G, et al. Functional recovery after ischemic stroke--a matter of age: data from the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry. Neurology. 2012;78(4):279-85.
17. Jeng JS, Huang SJ, Tang SC, Yip PK. Predictors of survival and functional outcome in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):60-6.
18. Hemmen TM, Ernstrom K, Raman R. Two-hour improvement of patients in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trials and prediction of final outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3163-7.
19. Bland MD, Beebe JA, Hardwick DD, Lang CE. Restricted active range of motion at the elbow, forearm, wrist, or fingers decreases hand function. J Hand Ther. 2008;21(3):268-74.
20. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EE, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Dippel DW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter?. J Neurol Sci. 2010;294(1-2):57-61.
21. Sanchez-Blanco I, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Lopez-Munain L, Izquierdo-Sanchez M, Fermoso-Garcia J. Predictive model of functional independence in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):464-75.
22. Chen SY, Winstein CJ. A systematic review of voluntary arm recovery in hemiparetic stroke: critical predictors for meaningful outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(1):2-13.
23. Nijland RH, van Wegen EE, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41(4):745-50.
24. Craig LE, Wu O, Bernhardt J, Langhorne P. Predictors of poststroke mobility: systematic review. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(4):321-7.
25. Veerbeek JM, Van Wegen EE, Harmeling-Van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):268-74.
26. Kollen B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Longitudinal robustness of variables predicting independent gait following severe middle cerebral artery stroke: a prospective cohort study. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):262-8.
27. Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Feys H, Schuback B, Baert I, et al. Trunk performance after stroke: an eye catching predictor of functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):694-8.
28. Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(10):1357-63.
29. Veerbeek JM, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE, Ket JC, Heymans MW. Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1482-8.
30. Kissela B, Lindsell CJ, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, et al. Clinical prediction of functional outcome after ischemic stroke: the surprising importance of periventricular white matter disease and race. Stroke. 2009;40(2):530-6.
31. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T, Barber A, Donnan G, Desmond P, et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2159-64.
32. Barrett KM, Ding YH, Wagner DP, Kallmes DF, Johnston KC. Change in diffusion-weighted imaging infarct volume predicts neurologic outcome at 90 days: results of the Acute Stroke Accurate Prediction (ASAP) trial serial imaging substudy. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2422-7.
33. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Bastin ME, Armitage PA, Rana AK. Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke?. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1381-7.
34. Tong DC, Yenari MA, Albers GW, O’Brien M, Marks MP, Moseley ME. Correlation of perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI with NIHSS score in acute (<6.5 hour) ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1998;50(4):864-70.
35. Buma FE, Lindeman E, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Functional neuroimaging studies of early upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(7):589-608.
36. Yoo AJ, Barak ER, Copen WA, Kamalian S, Gharai LR, Pervez MA, et al. Combining acute diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transmit time lesion volumes with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score improves the prediction of acute stroke outcome. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1728-35.
37. Farr TD, Wegener S. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):703-17.
38. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Zanotti S, Habet K, Haery C, et al. Preload-independent mechanisms contribute to increased stroke volume following large volume saline infusion in normal volunteers: a prospective interventional study. Crit Care. 2004;8(3):128-36.
39. Rapisarda G, Bastings E, de Noordhout AM, Pennisi G, Delwaide PJ. Can motor recovery in stroke patients be predicted by early transcranial magnetic stimulation? Stroke. 1996;27(12):2191-6.
40. Cho SH, Kim DG, Kim DS, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jang Sh. Motor outcome according to the integrity of the corticospinal tract determined by diffusion tensor tractography in the early stage of corona radiata infarct. Neurosci Lett. 2007;426(2):123-7.
41. Kusano Y, Seguchi T, Horiuchi T, Kakizawa Y, Kobayashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in acute cerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging at 3T: a prospective study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1561-5.
42. Nelles M, Gieseke J, Flacke S, Lachenmayer L, Schild HH, Urbach H. Diffusion tensor pyramidal tractography in patients with anterior choroidal artery infarcts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):488-93.
43. Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Kappelle LJ, Prevo AJ. Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(2):96-101.
44. Jang SH. Prediction of motor outcome for hemiparetic stroke patients using diffusion tensor imaging: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(4):367-72.
45. Pineiro R, Pendlebury ST, Smith S, Flitney D, Blamire AM, et al. Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways. Stroke. 2000;31(3):672-9.
46. Lee JS, Han MK, Kim SH, Kwon OK, Kim JH. Fiber tracking by diffusion tensor imaging in corticospinal tract stroke: Topographical correlation with clinical symptoms. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):771-6.
47. Maeda T, Ishizaki K, Yura S. [Can diffusion tensor imaging predict the functional outcome of supra-tentorial stroke?]. No To Shinkei. 2005;57(1):27-32.
48. Yang Q, Tress BM, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Darby DG, Gerraty RP, et al. Serial study of apparent diffusion coefficient and anisotropy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2382-90.
49. Kwon YH, Jeoung YJ, Lee J, Son SM, Kim S, Kim C, et al. Predictability of motor outcome according to the time of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cerebral infarct. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(7):691-7.
50. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis IEJ, Prats A, Prados F, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with motor deficit 30 days after middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):1324-30.
51. Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(1):1-10.
52. Zarahn E, Alon L, Ryan SL, Lazar RM, Vry MS, Weiller C, et al. Prediction of motor recovery using initial impairment and fMRI 48 h poststroke. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(12):2712-21.
53. Sillanpää MJ, Pikkuhookana P, Abrahamsson S, Knürr T, Fries A, Lerceteau E, et al. Simultaneous estimation of multiple quantitative trait loci and growth curve parameters through hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Heredity (Edinb). 2012;108(2):134-46.
2. Stinear C. Prediction of recovery of motor function after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1228-32.
3. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(4):291-313.
4. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis-I-Estadella J, Prados F,Remollo S, et al. Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(5):857-63.
5. Levels of Evidence. BJU International. 2011;107(2):348.
6. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):159-70.
7. Phillips B BC, Sackett D. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. 2001. Updated by J. Howick 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025.
8. Kranz PG, Eastwood JD. Does diffusion-weighted imaging represent the ischemic core? An evidence-based systematic review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1206-12.
9. Hallevi H, Albright KC, Martin-Schild SB, Barreto AD, Morales MM, Bornstein N, et al. Recovery after ischemic stroke: criteria for good outcome by level of disability at day 7. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):341-8.
10. Alexander LD, Pettersen JA, Hopyan JJ, Sahlas DJ, Black SE. Long-term prediction of functional outcome after stroke using the Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score in the subacute stage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(8):737-44.
11. Weimar C, Konig IR, Kraywinkel K, Ziegler A, Diener HC. Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 hours after onset are accurate predictors of outcome after cerebral ischemia: development and external validation of prognostic models. Stroke. 2004;35(1):158-62.
12. Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
13. Vora NA, Shook SJ, Schumacher HC, Tievsky AL, Albers GW, Wechsler LR, et al. A 5-item scale to predict stroke outcome after cortical middle cerebral artery territory infarction: validation from results of the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) Study. Stroke. 2011;42(3):645-9.
14. Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-6.
15. Muscari A, Puddu GM, Santoro N, Zoli M. A simple scoring system for outcome prediction of ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124(5):334-42.
16. Knoflach M, Matosevic B, Rücker M, Furtner M, Mair A, Wille G, et al. Functional recovery after ischemic stroke--a matter of age: data from the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry. Neurology. 2012;78(4):279-85.
17. Jeng JS, Huang SJ, Tang SC, Yip PK. Predictors of survival and functional outcome in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):60-6.
18. Hemmen TM, Ernstrom K, Raman R. Two-hour improvement of patients in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trials and prediction of final outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3163-7.
19. Bland MD, Beebe JA, Hardwick DD, Lang CE. Restricted active range of motion at the elbow, forearm, wrist, or fingers decreases hand function. J Hand Ther. 2008;21(3):268-74.
20. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EE, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Dippel DW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter?. J Neurol Sci. 2010;294(1-2):57-61.
21. Sanchez-Blanco I, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Lopez-Munain L, Izquierdo-Sanchez M, Fermoso-Garcia J. Predictive model of functional independence in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):464-75.
22. Chen SY, Winstein CJ. A systematic review of voluntary arm recovery in hemiparetic stroke: critical predictors for meaningful outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(1):2-13.
23. Nijland RH, van Wegen EE, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41(4):745-50.
24. Craig LE, Wu O, Bernhardt J, Langhorne P. Predictors of poststroke mobility: systematic review. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(4):321-7.
25. Veerbeek JM, Van Wegen EE, Harmeling-Van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):268-74.
26. Kollen B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Longitudinal robustness of variables predicting independent gait following severe middle cerebral artery stroke: a prospective cohort study. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):262-8.
27. Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Feys H, Schuback B, Baert I, et al. Trunk performance after stroke: an eye catching predictor of functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):694-8.
28. Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(10):1357-63.
29. Veerbeek JM, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE, Ket JC, Heymans MW. Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1482-8.
30. Kissela B, Lindsell CJ, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, et al. Clinical prediction of functional outcome after ischemic stroke: the surprising importance of periventricular white matter disease and race. Stroke. 2009;40(2):530-6.
31. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T, Barber A, Donnan G, Desmond P, et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2159-64.
32. Barrett KM, Ding YH, Wagner DP, Kallmes DF, Johnston KC. Change in diffusion-weighted imaging infarct volume predicts neurologic outcome at 90 days: results of the Acute Stroke Accurate Prediction (ASAP) trial serial imaging substudy. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2422-7.
33. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Bastin ME, Armitage PA, Rana AK. Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke?. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1381-7.
34. Tong DC, Yenari MA, Albers GW, O’Brien M, Marks MP, Moseley ME. Correlation of perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI with NIHSS score in acute (<6.5 hour) ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1998;50(4):864-70.
35. Buma FE, Lindeman E, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Functional neuroimaging studies of early upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(7):589-608.
36. Yoo AJ, Barak ER, Copen WA, Kamalian S, Gharai LR, Pervez MA, et al. Combining acute diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transmit time lesion volumes with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score improves the prediction of acute stroke outcome. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1728-35.
37. Farr TD, Wegener S. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):703-17.
38. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Zanotti S, Habet K, Haery C, et al. Preload-independent mechanisms contribute to increased stroke volume following large volume saline infusion in normal volunteers: a prospective interventional study. Crit Care. 2004;8(3):128-36.
39. Rapisarda G, Bastings E, de Noordhout AM, Pennisi G, Delwaide PJ. Can motor recovery in stroke patients be predicted by early transcranial magnetic stimulation? Stroke. 1996;27(12):2191-6.
40. Cho SH, Kim DG, Kim DS, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jang Sh. Motor outcome according to the integrity of the corticospinal tract determined by diffusion tensor tractography in the early stage of corona radiata infarct. Neurosci Lett. 2007;426(2):123-7.
41. Kusano Y, Seguchi T, Horiuchi T, Kakizawa Y, Kobayashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in acute cerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging at 3T: a prospective study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1561-5.
42. Nelles M, Gieseke J, Flacke S, Lachenmayer L, Schild HH, Urbach H. Diffusion tensor pyramidal tractography in patients with anterior choroidal artery infarcts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):488-93.
43. Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Kappelle LJ, Prevo AJ. Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(2):96-101.
44. Jang SH. Prediction of motor outcome for hemiparetic stroke patients using diffusion tensor imaging: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(4):367-72.
45. Pineiro R, Pendlebury ST, Smith S, Flitney D, Blamire AM, et al. Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways. Stroke. 2000;31(3):672-9.
46. Lee JS, Han MK, Kim SH, Kwon OK, Kim JH. Fiber tracking by diffusion tensor imaging in corticospinal tract stroke: Topographical correlation with clinical symptoms. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):771-6.
47. Maeda T, Ishizaki K, Yura S. [Can diffusion tensor imaging predict the functional outcome of supra-tentorial stroke?]. No To Shinkei. 2005;57(1):27-32.
48. Yang Q, Tress BM, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Darby DG, Gerraty RP, et al. Serial study of apparent diffusion coefficient and anisotropy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2382-90.
49. Kwon YH, Jeoung YJ, Lee J, Son SM, Kim S, Kim C, et al. Predictability of motor outcome according to the time of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cerebral infarct. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(7):691-7.
50. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis IEJ, Prats A, Prados F, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with motor deficit 30 days after middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):1324-30.
51. Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(1):1-10.
52. Zarahn E, Alon L, Ryan SL, Lazar RM, Vry MS, Weiller C, et al. Prediction of motor recovery using initial impairment and fMRI 48 h poststroke. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(12):2712-21.
53. Sillanpää MJ, Pikkuhookana P, Abrahamsson S, Knürr T, Fries A, Lerceteau E, et al. Simultaneous estimation of multiple quantitative trait loci and growth curve parameters through hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Heredity (Edinb). 2012;108(2):134-46.
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