Keywords
Coronavirus
Emerging transmissible diseases
Muslim
Public health
Virus
Emerging transmissible diseases
Muslim
Public health
Virus
How to Cite
Moreira-Soto, A., Troyo, A., & Corrales-Aguilar, E. (2014). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome caused by a coronavirus and Hajj: an international health threat?. Médicas UIS, 27(1). Retrieved from https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistamedicasuis/article/view/4024
Abstract
Infectious diseases epidemiology during a mass gathering requires ample planning and implementation of control measures by health authorities in each country involved. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome caused by a coronavirus is caused by a newly identified virus in the Middle East during 2012. Until October 2013, 138 laboratory confirmed cases with 60 deaths have been reported. Every year, almost two million pilgrims direct themselves towards the Mecca in Saudi Arabia during the Hajj, one of the most important religious massive gatherings worldwide. This year represents a particular alert for this event due to the possibility that Middle East Respiratory Syndrome caused by a coronavirus can thus be disseminated throughout the world because of pilgrims’ mobilization. The American continent possesses 4.6 million Muslim residents that may participate in this event. Therefore, an adequate surveillance of the people who traveled to the Middle East is mandatory in order to avoid virus dissemination to our continent. Here we present an up-to-date topic revision, giving general information about coronaviruses, emphasizing on the coronavirus causing the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, the history of its emerging and its clinical manifestations. We propose also a series of general recommendations directed to the health authorities of each country for appropriate control of disease to prevent dissemination and a potential epidemic. (MED. UIS. 2013;27(1):25-33)
References
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52. Perlman S. The middle East respiratory syndrome-how worried should we be? MBio. 2013;4(4):e00531–13.
2. Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451(7181):990–3.
3. Taylor LH, Latham SM, Woolhouse ME. Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2001;356(1411):983–9.
4. Wang L-F, Shi Z, Zhang S, Field H, Daszak P, Eaton BT. Review of Bats and SARS. Emerg. Infect. 2006;12(12):1834–40.
5. Newman ESH, Field HE, Epstein JH, Jong CE De. Investigating the role of bats in emerging zoonoses: Balancing ecology, conservation and public health interest. FAO. 2011.
6. Vandegrift KJ, Wale N, Epstein JH. An ecological and conservation perspective on advances in the applied virology of zoonoses. Viruses. 2011;3(4):379–97.
7. Arbon P, Bridgewater FH, Smith C. Mass gathering medicine: a predictive model for patient presentation and transport rates. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 16(3):150–8.
8. Kok J, Blyth CC, Dwyer DE. Mass gatherings and the implications for the spread of infectious diseases. Future Microbiol. 2012;7(5):551–3.
9. Lombardo J, Sniegoski C. Public health surveillance for mass gatherings. Johns Hopkins APL. 2008;27(4):347–55.
10. Shafi S, Booy R, Haworth E, Rashid H, Memish Z a. Hajj: health lessons for mass gatherings. J. Infect. Public Health. 2008;1(1):27–32.
11. Memish Z a. The Hajj: communicable and non-communicable health hazards and current guidance for pilgrims. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(39):19671.
12. Ahmed QA, Arabi YM, Memish ZA. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet. 2006;367(9515):1008–15.
13. Drexler JF, Gloza-Rausch F, Glende J, Corman VM, Muth D, Goettsche M, et al. Genomic characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences. J. Virol. 2010;84(21):11336–49.
14. Bolles M, Donaldson E, Baric R. SARS-CoV and emergent coronaviruses: viral determinants of interspecies transmission. Curr. Opin. Virol. 2011;1(6):624–34.
15. Saif L. Fenner’s Veterinary Virology. 4th ed. NJ M, EJ D, editors. Academic Press; 2011. p. Pp. 394–413.
16. Lai MM, Cavanagh D. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 1997;48:1–100.
17. Lau SKP, Li KSM, Huang Y, Shek C-T, Tse H, Wang M, et al. Ecoepidemiology and complete genome comparison of different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related Rhinolophus bat coronavirus in China reveal bats as a reservoir for acute, self-limiting infection that allows recombination events. J. Virol. 2010;84(6):2808–19.
18. Lu L, Liu Q, Du L, Jiang S. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Challenges in Identifying Its Source and Controlling Its Spread. Microbes Infect. 2013; 15(8-9):625-9.
19. Kocherhans R, Bridgen A, Ackermann M, Tobler K. Completion of the porcine epidemic diarrhoea coronavirus (PEDV) genome sequence. Virus Genes. 2001;23(2):137–44.
20. Zhang XM, Herbst W, Kousoulas KG, Storz J. Biological and genetic characterization of a hemagglutinating coronavirus isolated from a diarrhoeic child. J. Med. Virol. 1994;44(2):152–61.
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome--worldwide, 2003. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2003;52(13):269–72.
22. Anderson LJ, Tong S. Update on SARS research and other possibly zoonotic coronaviruses. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2010;36(Suppl 1):S21–5.
23. Kamps S, Hoffmann C. SARS Reference 3rd ed. http://flyingpublisher.com/. 2003. p. 61–80.
24. Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt H-R, Becker S, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;348(20):1967–76.
25. Guan Y, Zheng BJ, He YQ, Liu XL, Zhuang ZX, Cheung CL, et al. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science. 2003;302(5643):276–8.
26. Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Li KSM, Huang Y, Tsoi H-W, Wong BHL, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005;102(39):14040–5.
27. Li W, Shi Z, Yu M, Ren W, Smith C, Epstein JH, et al. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science. 2005;310(5748):676–9.
28. De Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J. Virol. 2013;87(14):7790–2.
29. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012;367(19):1814–20.
30. World Health Organization. Severe respiratory disease associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome Main developments in this update. Updat. RAPID RISK Assess. 2013; Disponible en: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/RRA_MERS-CoV_7th_update.pdf
31. Langley GC. Updated Information on the Epidemiology of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Infection and Guidance for the Public, Clinicians, and Public Health Authorities, 2012–2013. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2013;62(38):793–793.
32. Penttinen P, Kaasik-Aaslav K, Friaux A, Donachie A, Sudre B, Amato-Gauci A, et al. Taking stock of the first 133 MERS coronavirus cases globally – Is the epidemic changing? Eurosurveillance. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) - Health Comunication Unit; 2013;18(39):pii=20596.
33. World Health Organization. Novel coronavirus summary and literature update – as of 17 May 2013. 2013. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/update_20130517/en/
34. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control- Updated Rapid Risk Assessment. Severe respiratory disease associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome. 2013. Disponible en: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/RRA_MERS-CoV_7th_update.pdf
35. International Society For Infetious Diseases. ProMed-mail. Published Date: 2013-10-05. MERS-CoV - Eastern Mediterranean (74): Saudi Arabia, WHO. Archive Number: 20131005.19768272013. Disponible en: http://www.promedmail.org/
36. Drosten C, Seilmaier M, Corman VM, Hartmann W, Scheible G, Sack S, et al. Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013;13(9):745-51.
37. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, Price CS, Al Rabeeah A a., Cummings D a. T, et al. Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013;369(5):407-16
38. Gautret P, Charrel R, Belhouchat K, Drali T, Benkouiten S, Nougairede a, et al. Lack of nasal carriage of novel corona virus (HCoV-EMC) in French Hajj pilgrims returning from the Hajj 2012, despite a high rate of respiratory symptoms. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2013;11:2012–4.
39. Petherick A. MERS-CoV: in search of answers. Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2069.
40. Annan A, Baldwin H, Corman V, Klose SM, Owusu M, Nkrumah EE, et al. Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012–related viruses in bats, Ghana and Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis. J. - CDC. 2013;19(3):3–6.
41. Memish ZA, Mishra N, Olival KJ, Fagbo SF, Kapoor V, Epstein JH, et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Bats, Saudi Arabia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. J. - CDC. 2013;19(11-november).
42. Pfefferle S, Oppong S, Drexler JF, Gloza-Rausch F, Ipsen A, Seebens A, et al. Distant Relatives of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus and Close Relatives of Human Coronavirus 229E in Bats, Ghana. Emerg. Infect. Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2009;15(9):1377–84.
43. Raj VS, Mou H, Smits SL, Dekkers DHW, Müller MA, Dijkman R, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature. 2013;495(7440):251–4.
44. Müller MA, Raj VS, Muth D, Meyer B, Kallies S, Smits SL, et al. Human coronavirus EMC does not require the SARS-coronavirus receptor and maintains broad replicative capability in mammalian cell lines. MBio. 2012;3(6).
45. Reusken CB, Haagmans BL, Müller MA, Gutierrez C, Godeke G-J, Meyer B, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013;13(10):859-66
46. Khan K, Sears J, Hu VW, Brownstein JS, Hay S, Kossowsky D, et al. Potential for the International Spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Association with Mass Gatherings in Saudi Arabia. PLOS Curr. Outbreaks. 2013;Edition 1.(November 2012).
47. Haworth E, Rashid H, Booy R. Prevention of pandemic influenza after mass gatherings - learning from Hajj. J. R. Soc. Med. 2010;103(3):79–80.
48. Balaban V, Stauffer WM, Hammad A, Afgarshe M, Abd-Alla M, Ahmed Q, et al. Protective practices and respiratory illness among US travelers to the 2009 Hajj. J. Travel Med. 2012;19(3):163–8.
49. Gautret P, Benkouiten S, Salaheddine I, Parola P, Brouqui P. Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013. p. 829–31.
50. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Mapping the global Muslim population, a report on the size and distribution of the world’s Muslim population. Washingt. Pew Res. Cent. 2009.
51. Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Huang Y, Yuen K-Y. Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. Exp. Biol. Med. 2009;234(10):1117–27.
52. Perlman S. The middle East respiratory syndrome-how worried should we be? MBio. 2013;4(4):e00531–13.
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