Acinetobacter baumannii: patógeno multirresistente emergente
PDF (Español (España))

How to Cite

Rodriguez Buenahora, R. D., Bustillo Zarate, D. E., Caicedo Sanchez, D. C., Cadena Sarmiento, D. C., & Castellanos Gomez, C. (2016). Acinetobacter baumannii: patógeno multirresistente emergente. Médicas UIS, 29(2), 135–135. https://doi.org/10.18273/revmed.v29n2-2016010

Abstract

Introduccion: Acinetobacter baumannii es un bacilo Gram negativo oportunista, clasiicado por la Sociedad Americana de Enfermedades Infecciosas como uno de los seis más importantes microorganismos multirresistentes alrededor del mundo. En Colombia, según informes del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, dentro de los microorganismos multirresistente aislados en unidades de cuidados intensivos del país en el año 2014, A. baumannii representó el 3,1%. Objetivo: revisar los aspectos relevantes en la epidemiología, hábitat natural, factores de riesgo y virulencia para la infección por A. baumannii, sus manifestaciones clínicas y diferentes mecanismos de resistencia frente a múltiples fármacos, las estrategias de manejo actual y en desarrollo para enfrentar este microorganismo y mecanismos encaminados a prevenir y controlar la aparicion del mismo. Metodologia de búsqueda: se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Imbiomed, Cochrane, Clinicalkey, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, de 890 articulos se seleccionaron 254. Resultados: las especies de Acinetobacter pueden ser aisladas de objetos animados e inanimados. Crecen en casi todas las muestras de suelos y agua fresca. En el medio hospitalario, estos microorganismos han sido aislados de humidiicadores, equipos de ventilación, hojas de laringoscopio, cortinas, piel del personal de salud, colchones, cojines y otros equipos. Sus factores de virulencia no han sido dilucidados en totalidad, entre ellos se encuentran proteína de membrana externa OmpaA, lipopolisacáridos y polisacáridos capsulares, vesículas de membrana externa, fosfolipasa C y D y alteración de las proteínas de unión de penicilina. Las manifestaciones clínicas son variadas, principalmente en entorno asociado a cuidado de la salud. Sus mecanismo de resistencia son múltiples, los cuales se agrupan en tres categorías: enzimas inactivadoras de antimicrobianos, limitación del acceso a las dianas bacterianas y mutaciones que alteran las dianas o funciones celulares. Los carbapenémicos aún son considerados como agentes de elección para las infecciones graves por A. Baumannii, con opciones terapeuticas adicionales como sulbactam, tobramicina, amikacina, tigeciclina, minociclina, doxiciclina y colistina. Investigadores han reportado interrupción de la transmisión de A. baumannii posterior al reforzamiento de medidas para prevención y control de infecciones, tales como higiene de manos, uso de métodos de barrera (tapabocas, guantes, entre otros) y exhaustiva limpieza y desinfección del ambiente hospitalario. En otros casos la transmisión es más difícil de interrumpir, requiriendo aislamiento de pacientes, asignación de personal asistencial para vigilancia, cultivos de vigilancia activa y cierre de las unidades. Conclusiones: consideramos primordial el manejo de los pacientes de acuerdo a la localización de la infección y el patrón de resistencia presente en las cepas de la unidad en particular. Es importante la creación de protocolos institucionales con escalones terapéuticos, considerando el sitio de la infección, gravedad del paciente, sensibilidad de la cepa propia de cada institución y el uso previo de antibióticos. MÉD.UIS. 2016;29(2):113-35.

Palabras clave: Acinetobacter Baumannii. Bacterias Gramnegativas. Epidemiologia. Factores de riesgo. Farmacorresistencia bacteriana.
Virulencia.

https://doi.org/10.18273/revmed.v29n2-2016010
PDF (Español (España))

References

Barbier F, Andremont A, Wolff M, Bouadma L. Hospital-acquired

pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: recent

advances in epidemiology and managment. Curr Opin Pulm Med

;19(3):216–228.

Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A,

Medeiros EA et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control

Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for

–2009. Am J Infect Control 2012;40(5):396–407.

Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal

SM et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for

management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Crit Care

Med 2013;41(2):580-637.

Shindo Y, Ito R, Kobayashi D, Ando M, Ichikawa M, Shiraki A

et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in communityacquired

and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit

Care Med 2013;188(8):985–995.

Aliberti S, Cilloniz C, Chalmers JD, Zanaboni AM, Cosentini

R, Tarsia P et al. Multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalised

patients coming from the community with pneumonia: an

European perspective. Thorax 2013;68:997–9.

Torres A, Cilloniz C, Ferrer M, Gabarrus A, Polverino E, Villegas

S et al. Bacteraemia and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in

community acquired pneumonia: risk and prognosis. Eur Respir

J 2015;45(5):1353–63.

Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Antibiotic

Resistance Threat report 2013. [Internet]. 2013 [Citado 30 Nov

. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threatreport-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf.

Alekshun MN, Levy S. Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial

multidrug resistance. Cell 2007;128(6):1037–50.

Joly-Guillou M. Clinical impact and pathogenicity of

Acinetobacter. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11(11):868–73.

Talbot GH, Bradley J, Edwards JE, Gilbert D, Scheld M, Bartlett JG

et al. Bad bugs need drugs: an update on the development pipeline

from the Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the Infectious

Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42(5):657–68.

Bouvet P, Grimont P. Taxonomy of the genus Acinetobacter

with the recognition of Acinetobacter baumannii sp. nov.,

Acinetobacter haemolyticus sp. nov., Acinetobacter johnsonii sp.

nov., and Acinetobacter junii sp. nov. and emended descriptions

of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Int J

Syst Bacteriol 1986;36: 228–40.

Montefour K, Frieden J, Hurst S, Helmich C, Headley D, Martin M

et al. Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging multidrug-resistant

pathogen in critical care. Crit Care Nurse 2008;28(1):15-25.

Turton J, Kaufmann M, Gill M, Pike R, Scott P, Fishbain J, et

al. Comparison of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the

United Kingdom and the United States that were associated

with repatriated casualties of the Iraq conflict. J Clin Microbiol.

;44:2630-4.

Sebeny PJ, Riddle MS, Petersen K. Acinetobacter baumannii skin

and soft-tissue infection associated with war trauma. Clin Infect

Dis. 2008;47(4):444-9.

Bassetti M, Ginocchio F, Mikulska M. New treatment options

against gram-negative organisms. Crit Care 2011;15(2):215.

Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial

resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis

;197(8):1079-81.

Beijerinck M. Pigmenten als oxydatieproducten gevormd door

bacterien. Vers Konin Akad Wet Ams 1911;19:1092–103. [Artículo

de revista]

Brisou J, Prevot AR. Studies on bacterial taxonomy. The revision

of species under Achromobacter group. Ann Inst Pasteur

;86(6):722–8.

Lessel EF. International Committee on Nomenclature of Bacteria

Subcommittee on nomenclature of Moraxella and allied bacteria.

Int J Syst Bacteriol 1971;21(2):213–4.

Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii:

emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev

;21(3):538-82.

Di Nocera PP, Rocco F, Giannouli M, Triassi M, Zarrilli R. Genome

organization of epidemic Acinetobacter baumannii strains. BMC

Microbiol 2011;11:224.

Gerner-Smidt P, Tjernberg I, Ursing J. Reliability of phenotypic

tests for identification of Acinetobacter species. J Clin Microbiol

;29(2):277-82.

Seifert H, Dijkshoorn L, Gerner-Smidt P, Pelzer N, Tjernberg I,

Vaneechoutte M. Distribution of Acinetobacter species on human

skin: comparison of phenotypic and genotypic identification

methods. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(11):2819-25.

Vaneechoutte M, Dijkshoorn L, Tjernberg I, Elaichouni A, De

Voz P, Claeys G, et al. Identification of Acinetobacter genomic

species by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis. J Clin

Microbiol. 1995;33(1):11-5.

Janssen P, Maquelin K, Coopman R, Tjernberg I, Bouvet P, Kersters

K, et al. Discrimination of Acinetobacter genomic species by

AFLP fingerprinting. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1997;47(4):1179-87.

Gerner-Smidt P. Ribotyping of the Acinetobacter calcoaceticusAcinetobacter

baumannii complex. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30

(10):2680-5.

Ehrenstein B, Bernards A, Dijkshoorn L, Smidt P, Towner K,

Bouvet P, et al. Acinetobacter species identification by using

tRNA spacer fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34 (10): 2414-

Dolzani L, Tonin E, Lagatolla C, Prandin L, Bragadin C.

Identification of Acinetobacter isolates in the A. calcoaceticus-A.

baumannii complex by restriction analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA

intergenic-spacer sequences. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(5):1108-

Chang H, Wei Y, Dijkshoorn L, Vaneechoutte M, Tang C, Chang

T. Species-level identification of isolates of the Acinetobacter

calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex by sequence

analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region. J Clin Microbiol.

;43(4):1632-9.

La Scola B, Raoult D. Acinetobacter baumannii in human body

louse. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(9):1671-3.

Richards M, Edwards J, Culver D, Gaynes R. Nosocomial

infections in medical intensive care units in the United States.

National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit Care

Med. 1999;27(5):887-92.

Fluit A, Jones M, Schmitz F, Acar J, Gupta R, Verhoef J.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and frequency of occurrence of

clinical blood isolates in Europe from the SENTRY antimicrobialsurveillance program, 1997 and 1998. Clin Infect Dis.

;30(3):454-60.

Gales A, Jones R, Forward K, Linares J, Sader H, Verhoef J.

Emerging importance of multidrugresistant Acinetobacter species

and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as pathogens in seriously

ill patients: geographic patterns, epidemiological features, and

trends in the SENTRY. Antimicrobial Surveillance Program

(1997-1999). Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl 2):104-13.

Jones R. Global aspects of antimicrobial resistance among

key bacterial pathogens. Results from the 1997-1999 SENTRY

Antimicrobial Program. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl 2):81-156.

Sader H, Jones R, Gales A, Silva J, Pignatari A, The SENTRY

participants group (latin america). SENTRY Antimicrobial

Surveillance Program Report: Latin American and Brazilian

results for 1997 through 2001. Braz J Infect Dis. 2004;8(1):25-79.

Unal S, Garcia J. Activity of meropenem and comparators against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. isolated in

the MYSTIC Program, 2002–2004. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.

;53(4):265–271.

Bronharo M, Sgambatti S, Silbert S, Gales A, Jones R, Sader H.

Resistance trends of Acinetobacter sp. in Latin America and

characterization of international dissemination of multi-drug

resistant strains: five-year report of the SENTRY Antimicrobial

Surveillance Program. Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8:284–291.

Gales A, Tognim M, Reis A, Jones R, Sader H. Emergence of an

IMP-like metallo-enzyme in an Acinetobacter baumannii clinical

strain from a Brazilian teaching hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect

Dis. 2003;45(1):77–9.

Sader H, Castanheira M, Mendes R, Toleman M, Walsh T, Jones R.

Dissemination and diversity of metallo-beta-lactamases in Latin

America: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance

Program. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25(1):57–61.

Dalla-Costa L, Coelho J, Souza H, Castro M, Stier C, Bragagnolo

K, et al. Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii producing the OXA-23 enzyme in Curitiba, Brazil. J

Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(7):3403–3406.

Villegas M, Kattan J, Correa A, Lolans K, Guzman A, Woodford

N, et al. Dissemination of Acinetobacter baumannii clones with

OXA-23 carbapenemase in Colombian hospitals. Antimicrob

Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):2001–4.

Coelho J, Woodford N, Afzal-Shah M, Livermore D. Occurrence

of OXA-58-like carbapenemases in Acinetobacter sp. collected

over 10 years in three continents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;50(2):756–8.

Ovalle M. Vigilancia de Resistencia antimicrobiana a través del

software Whonet Informe año 2014. 2015. Minsalud Colombia

[internet] Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/

Lists/BibliotecaDigital/RIDE/IA/INS/informe%20-resistenciawhonet%20-2014.pdf#search=acinetobacter%2520baumannii.

Hernandez C, Blanco V, Motoa G, Correa A, Maya J, Cadena et

al. Evolución de la resistencia antimicrobiana de bacilos Gram

negativos en unidades de cuidados intensivos en Colombia.

Biomédica. 2014;34(Supl. 1):91-100.

Falagas M, Bliziotis I, Siempos I. Attributable mortality of

Acinetobacter baumannii infections in critically ill patients: a

systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies.

Crit Care. 2006;10(2):48.

Sunenshine R, Wright M, Maragakis L, Harris A, Song X, Hebden

J, et al. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infection mortality rate

and length of hospitalization. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):97–

Maragakis L, Perl T. Acinetobacter baumanii: Epidemiology,

Antimicrobial Resistance and Treatment Options. Clin Infec Dis.

;46(8):1254-63.

Falagas M, Kopterides P, Siempos L. Attributable mortality of

Acinetobacter baumanii infection among critically ill patients.

Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:389-90.

Owens R, Rice L. Hospital based strategies for combating

resistance. Clin Inf Dis. 2006;42(Suppl.4):173-181.

Blot S, Vandewoude K, Colardyn F. Nosocomial bacteremia

involving Acinetobacter baumanii in critically ill patients: a

matched cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(3):471-5.

Bergogne-Berezin E, Towner K. Acinetobacter sp. as nosocomial

pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological

features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9(2):148-65.

Allen D, Hartman B. Acinetobacter Species. In: Mandell GL,

Bennett JE, Dolin R. Douglas and Bennett editors. Principles

and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 6th ed. Elsevier Churchill

Livingstone, Philadelphia. 2005:2632-5.

Chen M, Hsueh P, Lee L, Yu C, Yang P, Luh K. Severe community

acquired pneumonia due to Acinetobacter baumannii. Chest.

;120(4):1072-7.

Mahgoub S, Ahmed J, Glatt A. Underlying characteristics of

patients harboring highly resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Am

J Infect Control. 2002;30:386-90.

Playford E, Craig J, Iredell J. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter

baumanii in intensive care unit patients: risk factors for

acquisition, infection and their consequences. J Hosp Infect.

;65(3):204-211.

Lee S, Kim N, Choi S, Hyong T, Chung J, Woo J, et al. Risk

factors for adquisition of Imipenem resistant Acinetobacter

baumanii: a case-control study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;48(1):224-8.

Husni R, Goldstein L, Arroliga A, Hall G, Fatica C, Stoller J, et al.

Risk factors for an outbreak of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter

nosocomial pneumonia among intubated patients. Chest.

;115(5):1378-82.

García-Garmendia JL, Ortiz-Leyba C, Garnacho-Montero J,

Jiménez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Paredes C, Barrero-Almodóvar A,

et al. Risk factors for Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial

bacteremia in critically ill patients: a cohort study. Clin Infect

Dis. 2001;33(7):939-46.

Gerner-Smidt P. Acinetobacter: epidemiological and taxonomic

aspects. APMIS Suppl. 1994;47:1-41.

Cefai C, Richards J, Gould FK, McPeake P. An outbreak of

Acinetobacter respiratory tract infection resulting from

incomplete disinfection of ventilatory equipment. J Hosp Infect.

;15(2):177-82.

Hirai Y. Survival of bacteria under dry conditions; from a

viewpoint of nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect. 1991;19(3):191-

Seifert H, Baginski R, Schulze A, Pulverer G. The distribution

of Acinetobacter species in clinical culture materials. Zentralbl

Bakteriol. 1993;279(4):544–552. AR

Berlau J, Aucken H, Malnick H, Pitt T. Distribution of

Acinetobacter species on skin of healthy humans. Eur J Clin

Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999;18(3):179–83.

Buxton AE, Anderson RL, Werdegar D, Atlas E. Nosocomial

respiratory tract infection and colonization with Acinetobacter

calcoaceticus. Epidemiologic characteristics. Am J Med.

;65(3):507-13.

Eveillard M, Kempf M, Belmonte O, Pailhori H, Joly-Guillou M.

Reservoirs of Acinetobacter baumannii outside the hospital and

potential involvement in emerging human community-acquired

infections. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(10):802–05.

Choi CH, Lee EY, Lee YC, Park TI, Kim HJ, Hyun SH, et al. Outer

membrane protein 38 of Acinetobacter baumannii localizes to

the mitochondria and induces apoptosis of epithelial cells. Cell

Microbiol. 2005;7(8):1127-38.

Gaddy JA, Actis LA. Regulation of Acinetobacter baumannii

biofilm formation. Future Microbiol. 2009;4(3):273-8.

Kim SW, Choi CH, Moon DC, Jin JS, Lee JH, Shin JH, et al. Serum

resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii through the binding

of factor H to outer membrane proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett.

;301:224-31.

Luke N, Sauberan S, Russo T, et al. Identification and

characterization of a glycosyltransferase involved in

Acinetobacter baumannii lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis.

Infect Immun. 2010;78(5):2017–23.

Knapp S, Wieland CW, Florquin S, Pantophlet R, Dijkshoorn L,

Tshimbalanga N, et al. Differential roles of CD14 and toll-like

receptors 4 and 2 in murine Acinetobacter pneumonia. Am J

Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(1):122–29.

Fregolino E, Gargiulo V, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Holst O, Castro

C. Identification and structural determination of the capsular

polysaccharides from two Acinetobacter baumannii clinical

isolates, MG1 and SMAL. Carbohydr Res. 2011;346(7):973–77.

Russo TA, Luke NR, Beanan JM, Olson R, Sauberan SL,

MacDonald U, et al. The K1 capsular polysaccharide of

Acinetobacter baumannii strain 307-0294 is a major virulence

factor. Infect Immun. 2011;78(9):3993–4000.

Ellis TN, Kuehn MJ. Virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev.

;74(1):81–94.

Kwon SO, Gho YS, Lee JC, Kim SI. Proteome analysis of outer

membrane vesicles from a clinical Acinetobacter baumannii

isolate. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;297(2):150–6.

Jin JS, Kwon SO, Moon DC, Gurung M, Lee JH, Kim SI,

Lee JC. Acinetobacter baumannii secretes cytotoxic outer

membrane protein A via outer membrane vesicles. PLoS ONE.

;6(2):e17027.

Jacobs AC, Hood I, Boyd KL, Olson PD, Morrison JM, Carson S,

et al. Inactivation of phospholipase D diminishes Acinetobacter

baumannii pathogenesis. Infect Immun. 2010;78(5):1952–62.

Camarena L, Bruno V, Euskirchen G, Poggio S, Snyder M.

Molecular mechanisms of ethanol-induced pathogenesis revealed

by RNA-sequencing. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6(4):e1000834.

Sauvage E, Kerff F, Terrak M, Ayala JA, Charlier P. The

penicillin-binding proteins: structure and role in peptidoglycan

biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008;32(2):234–58.

Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyba C, Fernández-Hinojosa

E, Aldabó-Pallás T, Cayuela A, Marquez-Vácaro JA, et al.

Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia:

epidemiological and clinical findings. Intensive Care Med.

;31(5):649-55.

Luna CM, Aruj PK. Nosocomial Acinetobacter pneumonia.

Respirology. 2007;12(6):787-91.

Gaynes R., Edwards JR, National Nosocomial Infections

Surveillance System. Overview of nosocomial infections caused

by gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(6):848–54.

Anstey NM, Currie BJ, Hassell M, Palmer D, Dwyer B, Seifert H.

Community-acquired bacteremic Acinetobacter pneumonia in

tropical Australia is caused by diverse strains of Acinetobacter

baumannii, with carriage in the throat in at-risk groups. J Clin

Microbiol. 2002;40(2):685–6.

Leung WS, Chu CM, Tsang KY, Lo FH, Lo KF, Ho PL. Fulminant

community-acquired Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia as a

distinct clinical syndrome. Chest. 2006;129(1):102–9.

Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel

RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US

hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide

surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:309-17.

Trottier V, Segura PG, Namias N, King D, Pizano LR, Schulman

CI. Outcomes of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in critically

ill burned patients. J Burn Care Res. 2007;28(2):248–54.

Metan G, Alp E, Aygen B, Sumerkan B. Carbapenem-resistant

Acinetobacter baumannii: an emerging threat for patients

with post-neurosurgical meningitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents.

;29(1):112–3.

Nunez ML, Martinez-Toldos MC, Bru M, Simarro E, Segovia

M, Ruiz J. Appearance of resistance to meropenem during the

treatment of a patient with meningitis by Acinetobacter. Scand J

Infect Dis. 1998;30(40):421–3.

O’Neill E, Humphreys H, Phillips J, Smyth EG. Third-generation

cephalosporin resistance among Gram-negative bacilli causing

meningitis in neurosurgical patients: significant challenges in

ensuring effective antibiotic therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;57(2):356–9.

Menon T, Shanmugasundaram S, Nandhakumar B, Nalina K,

Balasubramaniam. Infective endocarditis due to Acinetobacte

baumannii complex a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol.

;49(4):576–8.

Olut A, Erkek E. Early prosthetic valve endocarditis due to

Acinetobacter baumannii: a case report and brief review of the

literature. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(11-12):919–21.

Rizos I, Papathanasiou S, Rigopoulos A, Barbetseas J,

Stefanadis C, Tsiodras S. Prosthetic valve endocarditis due to

Acinetobacter spp: a rare case and literature review. Am J Med

Sci. 2007;333(3):197–9.

Starakis I, Blikas A, Siagris D, Marangos M, Karatza C, Bassaris

H. Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Acinetobacter lwoffi:

a case report and review. Cardiol Rev. 2006;14:45–9.

Corrigan KM, Harmis NY, Willcox MD. Association of

Acinetobacter species with contact lens-induced adverse

responses. Cornea. 2001;20(5):463–6.

Kau HC, Tsai CC, Kao SC, Hsu WM, Liu JH. Corneal ulcer of the

side port after phacoemulsification induced by Acinetobacter

baumannii. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28(5):895–7.

Levy J, Oshry T, Rabinowitz R, Lifshitz T. Acinetobacter corneal

graft ulcer and endophthalmitis: report of two cases. Can J

Ophthalmol. 2005;40(1):79–82.

Lockhart SR, Abramson MA, Beekmann SE, Gallagher G, Riedel

S, Diekema DJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among gramnegative

bacilli causing infections in intensive care unit patients

in the United States between 1993 and 2004. J Clin Microbiol.

;45(10):3352-9.

Seifert H, Baginski R, Schulze A, Pulverer G. Antimicrobial

susceptibility of Acinetobacter species. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 1993;37(4):750-3.

Afzal-Shah M, Woodford N, Livermore DM. Characterization of

OXA-25, OXA-26, and OXA-27, molecular class D beta-lactamases

associated with carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of

Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;45(2):583–8.

Rice L. Challenges in indentifying new antimicrobial agents

effective for treating infections with Acinetobacter baumanii and

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(2):S100-5.

Bou G, Cerveró G, Domínguez MA, Quereda C, MartínezBeltrán

J. Characterization of a nosocomial outbreak caused

by a multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain with a

carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzyme: high-level carbapenem

resistance in A. baumannii is not due solely to the presence of

beta-lactamases. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(9):3299–305.

Fernandez-Cuenca F, Martínez-Martínez L, Conejo MC, Ayala

JA, Perea EJ, Pascual A. Relationship between beta-lactamase

production, outer membrane protein and penicillin-binding

protein profiles on the activity of carbapenems against clinical

isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;51(3):565–74.

Nordmann P, Poirel L. Emerging carbapenemases in gramnegative

aerobes. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8:321-31.

Weldhagen G, Poirel L, Nordmann P. Ambler class A extendedspectrum

beta-lactamases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

novel developments and clinical impact. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2003;47(8):2385-92.

Poirel L, Menuteau O, Agoli N, Catton C, Nordmann P. Outbreak

of extended-spectrum β -lactamase VEB-1-producing isolates of

Acinetobacter baumannii in a French hospital. J Clin Microbiol.

;41:3542-7.

Danes C, Navia M, Ruiz J, Marco F, Jurado A, Jimenez de Anta

M, Vila J. Distribution of beta-lactamases in Acinetobacter

baumannii clinical isolates and the effect of Syn 2190 (AmpC

inhibitor) on the MICs of different beta-lactam antibiotics. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;50(2):261–4.

Vila J, Marcos A, Marco F, Abdalla S, Vergara Y, Reig R, Gomez

R, Jimenez de Anta T. In vitro antimicrobial production of

beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and

chloramphenicol acetyltransferase by and susceptibility of

clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents

Chemother. 1993;37(1):138–41.

Poirel L, Nordmann P. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter

baumannii: mechanisms and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol

Infect. 2006;12(9):826–36.

Cornaglia G, Riccio M, Mazzariol A, Lauretti L, Fontana R,

Rossolini G. Appearance of IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase in

Europe. Lancet. 1999;353(9156):899–900.

Da Silva G, Correia M, Vital C, Ribeiro G, Sousa J, Leitao R,

Peixe L, Duarte A. Molecular characterization of bla(IMP-5),

a new integron-borne metallo-beta-lactamase gene from an

Acinetobacterbaumannii nosocomial isolate in Portugal. FEMS

Microbiol Lett. 2002;215(1):33-9.

Lee K, Lee W, Uh Y, Ha G, Cho J, Chong Y. VIM- and IMPtype

metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas sp.

and Acinetobacter sp. in Korean hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis.

;9(7):868–71.

Lim Y, Shin K, Kim J. Distinct antimicrobial resistance patterns

and antimicrobial resistance-harboring genes according to

genomic species of Acinetobacter isolates. J Clin Microbiol.

;45(3):902–5.

Tsakris A, Ikonomidis A, Pournaras S, Tzouvelekis L, Sofianou

D, Legakis N, Maniatis A. VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase in

Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(6):981–3.

Yum J, Yi K, Lee H, Yong D, Lee K, Kim J, Rossolini G, Chong

Y. Molecular characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter

genomospecies 3 from Korea: identification of two new integrons

carrying the blaVIM-2 gene cassettes. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;49(5):837–40.

Lee K, Yum J, Yong D, Lee H, Kim H, Docquier J, Rossolini G, Chong

Y. Novel acquired metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla(SIM-1), in a

class 1 integron from Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates

from Korea. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(11):4485–

Hujer K, Hamza N, Hujer A, Perez F, Helfand M, Bethel C,

Thomson J, Anderson V, Barlow M, Rice L, Tenover F, Bonomo

R. Identification of a new allelic variant of the Acinetobacter

baumannii cephalosporinase, ADC-7 beta-lactamase: defining a

unique family of class C enzymes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;49(7):2941–8.

Bou G, Martinez J. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and analysis

of the gene encoding an AmpC beta-lactamase in Acinetobacter

baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:428–32.

Corvec S, Caroff N, Espaze E, Giraudeau C, Drugeon H, Reynaud

A. AmpC cephalosporinase hyperproduction in Acinetobacter

baumannii clinical strains. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;52(4):629–35.

Paton R, Miles R, Hood J, Amyes S. ARI-1: β-lactamasemediated

imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Int

J Antimicrob Agents. 1993;2(2):81–8.

Donald H, Scaife W, Amyes S, Young H. Sequence analysis of

ARI-1, a novel OXA beta-lactamase, responsible for imipenem

resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii 6B92. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2000;44(1):196–9.

Scaife W, Young H, Paton R, Amyes S. Transferable imipenemresistance

in Acinetobacter species from a clinical source. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 1995;36(3):585–6.

Afzal-Shah M, Woodford N, Livermore D. Characterization of

OXA-25, OXA-26, and OXA-27, molecular class D beta-lactamases

associated with carbapenem resistance in clinical isolates of

Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;45(2):583–8.

Brown S, Amyes S. OXA (beta)-lactamases in Acinetobacter:the

story so far. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(1):1–3.

Bou G, Oliver A, Martinez J. OXA-24, a novel class D betalactamase

with carbapenemase activity in an Acinetobacter

baumannii clinical strain. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.

;44(6):1556–61.

Da Silva G, Quinteira S, Bertolo E, Sousa J, Gallego L, Duarte A,

Peixe L. Long-term dissemination of an OXA-40 carbapenemase

producing Acinetobacter baumannii clone in the Iberian

Peninsula. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:255–8.

Bertini A, Giordano A, Varesi P, Villa L, Mancini C, Carattoli A.

First report of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58

in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in Italy. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2006;50:2268–9.

Bogaerts P, Naas T, Wybo I, Bauraing C, Soetens O, Pierard D,

Nordmann P, Glupczynski Y. Outbreak of infection by carbapenemresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii producing the carbapenemase

OXA-58 in Belgium. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(11):4189–92.

Poirel L, Marque S, Heritier C, Segonds C, Chabanon G, Nordmann

P. OXA-58, a novel class D β-lactamase involved in resistance to

carbapenems in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2005;49(1):202–8.

Marque S, Poirel L, Heritier C, Brisse S, Blasco M, Filip R, Coman

G, Naas T, Nordmann P. Regional occurrence of plasmidmediated

carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinase OXA-58 in Acinetobacter

spp. in Europe. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4885–8.

Brown S, Young H, Amyes S. Characterisation of OXA-51, a

novel class D carbapenemase found in genetically unrelated

clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumannii from Argentina. Clin

Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(1):15–23.

Heritier C, Poirel L, Fournier P, Claverie J, Raoult D, Nordmann

P. Characterization of the naturally occurring oxacillinase of

Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;49(10):4174–9.

Turton J, Woodford N, Glover J, Yarde S, Kaufmann M, Pitt T.

Identification of Acinetobacter baumannii by detection of the bla-

xa-51-like carbapenemase gene intrinsic to this species. J Clin

Microbiol. 2006;44(8):2974–6.

Costa S, Woodcock J, Gill M, Wise R, Barone A, Caiaffa H,

Levin A. Outer-membrane proteins pattern and detection

of betalactamases in clinical isolates of imipenem-resistant

Acinetobacter baumannii from Brazil. Int J Antimicrob Agents.

;13(3):175–82.

Mussi M, Limansky A, Viale A. Acquisition of resistance

to carbapenems in multidrug-resistant clinical strains of

Acinetobacter baumannii: natural insertional inactivation of

a gene encoding a member of a novel family of beta-barrel

outer membrane proteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;49(4):1432–40.

Heritier C, Poirel L, Lambert T, Nordmann P. Contribution of

acquired carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinases to carbapenem

resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2005;49(12):3198–202.

Gehrlein M, Leying H, Cullmann W, Wendt S, Opferkuch W.

Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumanii is due to altered

penicillinbinding proteins. Chemotherapy. 1991;37(6):405–12.

Limansky A, Mussi M, Viale A. Loss of a 29-kilodalton outer

membrane protein in Acinetobacter baumannii is associated with

imipenem resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(12):4776–8.

Siroy A, Molle V, Lemaitre C, Vallenet D, Pestel M, Cozzone

A, Jouenne T. Channel formation by CarO, the carbapenem

resistance-associated outer membrane protein of Acinetobacter

baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(12):4876–

Quale J, Bratu S, Landman D, Heddurshetti R. Molecular

epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in

Acinetobacter baumannii endemic in New York City. Clin Infect

Dis. 2003;37(2):214–20.

Bou G, Cervero G, Dominguez M, Quereda C, Martinez

J. Characterization of a nosocomial outbreak caused by

a multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain with a

carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzyme: high-level carbapenem

resistance in A. baumannii is not due solely to the presence of

beta-lactamases. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(8):3299–305.

Gribun A, Nitzan Y, Pechatnikov I, Hershkovits G, Katcoff

D. Molecular and structural characterization of the HMP-AB

gene encoding a pore-forming protein from a clinical isolate of

Acinetobacter baumannii. Curr Microbiol. 2003;47(5):434–43.

Clark R. Imipenem resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii:

association with reduced expression of a 33–36 kDa outer

membrane protein. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;38(2):245–51.

Vila J, Marti S, Sanchez J. Porins, efflux pumps and multidrug

resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;59(6):1210–5.

Fournier PE, Vallenet D, Barbe V, Audic S, Ogata H, Poirel L, et al.

Comparative genomics of multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter

baumannii. PLoS Genet. 2006;2(1):7.

Higgins P, Wisplinghoff H, Stefanik D, Seifert H. Selection of

topoisomerase mutations and overexpression of adeB mRNA

transcripts during an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54(4):821–23.

Magnet S, Courvalin P, Lambert T. Resistance-nodulation-cell

division-type efflux pump involved in aminoglycoside resistance

in Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM4454. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2001;45(12):3375–380.

Marchand I, Damier L, Courvalin P, Lambert T. Expression of

the RND-type efflux pump AdeABC in Acinetobacter baumannii

is regulated by the AdeRS two-component system. Antimicrob

Agents Chemother. 2004;48(9):3298–304.

Nemec A, Maixnerova M, Van der Reijden TJ, Van den Broek PJ,

Dijkshoorn L. Relationship between the AdeABC efflux system

gene content, netilmicin susceptibility and multidrug resistance

in a genotypically diverse collection of Acinetobacter baumannii

strains. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(3):483–9.

Towner K. Clinical importance and antibiotic resistance of

Acinetobacter spp. Proceedings of a symposium held on 4 - 5

November 1996 at Eilat, Israel. J Med Microbiol. 1997;46(9):721-

Doi Y, Adams J, Yamane K, Paterson D. Identification of 16S

rRNA methylase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii clinical

strains in North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;51(11):4209–10.

Lee H, Yong D, Yum JH, Roh KH, Lee K, Yamane K, et al.

Dissemination of 16S rRNA methylase-mediated highly amikacinresistant

isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii in Korea. Diagn. Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006;56(3):305–

Yamane K, Wachino J, Doi Y, Kurokawa H, Arakawa Y. Global

spread of multiple aminoglycoside resistance genes. Emerg Infect

Dis. 2005;11(6):951–3.

Doi Y, Arakawa Y. 16S ribosomal RNA methylation: emerging

resistance mechanism against aminoglycosides. Clin Infect Dis.

;45:88–94.

Su X, Chen J, Mizushima T, Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T. AbeM, an

H+-coupled Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug efflux pump

belonging to the MATE family of transporters. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2005;49(10):4362–64.

Seward R, Owner T. Molecular epidemiology of quinolone

resistance in Acinetobacter spp. Clin Microbiol Infect.

;4:248-54.

Ribera A, Ruiz J, Jiminez de Anta MT, Vila J. Effect of an efflux

pump inhibitor on the MIC of nalidixic acid for Acinetobacter

baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2002;49(4):697–8.

Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. Presence of tetracycline

resistance determinants and susceptibility to tigecycline and

minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(4):1636–

Guardabassi L, Dijkshoorn L, Collard JM, Olsen JE, Dalsgaard

A. Distribution and in-vitro transfer of tetracycline resistance

determinants in clinical and aquatic Acinetobacter strains. J Med

Microbiol. 2000;49(10):929–36.

Ribera A, Roca I, Ruiz J, Gibert I, Vila J. Partial characterization

of a transposon containing the tet(A) determinant in a clinical

isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;52(3):477–80.

Ribera A, Ruiz J, Vila J. Presence of the Tet M determinant in a

clinical isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2003;47(7):2310–12.

Peleg A, Adams J, Paterson D. Tigecycline efflux as a mechanism

for nonsusceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob

Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):2065–69.

Ruzin A, Keeney D, Bradford PA. AdeABC multidrug efflux

pump is associated with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(5):1001–4.

Reis A, Luz D, Tognim M, Sader H, Gales A. Polymyxin-Resistant

Acinetobacter spp. isolates: What is Next? Emerg Infect Dis.

;9(8):1025-7.

Gales AC, Jones RN, Sader HS. Global assessment of the

antimicrobial activity of polymyxin B against 54,731 clinical

isolates of gram-negative bacilli: report from the SENTRY

antimicrobial surveillance programme (2001–2004). Clin

Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(4):315–321.

Conrad RS, Galanos C. Fatty acid alterations and polymyxin B

binding by lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

adapted to polymyxin B resistance. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 1989;33(10):1724-8.

Peterson AA, Fesik SW, McGroarty EJ. Decreased binding of

antibiotics to lipopolysaccharides from polymyxin-resistant

strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;31:230–7.

Nicas TI, Hancock RE. Outer membrane protein H1 of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: involvement in adaptive and

mutational resistance to ethylenediaminetetraacetate, polymyxin

B, and gentamicin. J Bacteriol. 1980;143(2):872–8.

Young ML, Bains M, Bell A, Hancock RE. Role of Pseudomonas

aeruginosa outer membrane protein OprH in polymyxin and

gentamicin resistance: isolation of an OprH-deficient mutant by

gene replacement techniques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;36(11):2566–2568.

Young LS, Sabel AL, Price CS. Epidemiologic, clinical, and

economic evaluation of an outbreak of clonal multidrug-resistant

Acinetobacter baumanii infection in a surgical intensive care

unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28(11):1247-54.

Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Chen CY, Chen WH, Yu CJ, Ho SW, et al.

Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causing nosocomial

infections in a university hospital, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis.

;8(8):827-32.

Lee CM, Lim HK, Liu CP, Tseng HK. Treatment of pandrug

resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J Infect Dis.

;37(3):195-9.

Urban C, Go E, Mariano N, Rahal J. Interaction of sulbactam,

clavulanic acid and tazobactam with penicillin-binding

proteins of imipenem-resistant and –susceptible Acinetobacter

baumannii. FEMS Microb Lett. 1995;125:193-7.

Brauers J, Frank U, Kresken M, Rodloff AC, Seifert H. Activities

of various beta-lactams and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor

combinations against Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter

DNA group 3 strains. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(1):24–30.

Higgins PG, Wisplinghoff H, Stefanik D, Seifert H. In vitro

activities of the beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid,

sulbactam, and tazobactam alone or in combination with betalactams

against epide miologically characterized multidrugresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii strains. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2004;48(5):1586–92.

Urban C, Go E, Mariano N, Berger BJ, Avraham I, Rubin D, et al.

Effect of sulbactam on infections caused by imipenem-resistant

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus biotype anitratus. J Infect Dis.

;167(2):448–51.

Smolyakov R, Borer A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F , Alkan M,

Porath A, et al. Nosocomial multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii bloodstream infection: risk factors and outcome with

ampicillin-sulbactam treatment. J Hosp Infect. 2003;54(1):2-8.

Jiménez-Mejías ME, Pachón J, Becerril B, Palomino-Nicás J,

Rodríguez-Cobacho A, Revuelta M. Treatment of multidrugresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii meningitis with ampicillin/

sulbactam. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24(5):932–35.

Levin AS, Levy CE, Manrique AE, Medeiros EA, Costa SF. Severe

nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam. Int J Antimicrob

Agents. 2003;21(1):58–62.

Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, Georgiadis G. High-dose

ampicillin-sulbactam as an alternative treatment of late-onset

VAP from multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Scand J

Infect Dis. 2007;39(1):38–43.

Wood GC, Hanes SD, Croce MA, Fabian TC, Boucher BA.

Comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam and imipenem-cilastatin for

the treatment of acinetobacter ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(11):1425–30.

Fraenkel CJ, Ullberg M, Bernander S, Ericson E, Larsson P,

Rydberg J, et al. In vitro activities of three carbapenems against

recent bacterial isolates from severely ill patients at Swedish

hospitals. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(10):853–9.

Ikonomidis A, Pournaras S, Maniatis A, Legakis N, Tsakris

A. Discordance of meropenem versus imipenem activity

against Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents.

;28(4):376–7.

Jones RN, Deshpande L, Fritsche TR, Sader HS. Determination

of epidemic clonality among multidrug-resistant strains of

Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the MYSTIC

Programme (USA, 1999–2003). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.

;49(3):211–6.

Lesho E, Wortmann G, Moran K, Craft D. Fatal Acinetobacter

baumanniiinfection with discordant carbapenem susceptibility.

Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:758–9.

Paterson D, Depestel D. Doripenem. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:291–

Murray CK, Hospenthal DR. Treatment of multidrug resistant

Acinetobacter. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005;18(6):502-6.

Gounden R, Bamford C, van Zyl-Smit R, Cohen K, Maartens G.

Safety and effectiveness of colistin compared with tobramycin

for multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. BMC

Infect Dis. 2009;9:26.

Bishburg E, Bishburg K. Minocycline an old drug for a new

century: emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob

Agents. 2009;34(5):395–401.

Wood G, Hanes S, Boucher B, Croce M, Fabian T. Tetracyclines

for treating multidrugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii

ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med.

;29:2072-6.

Fluit A, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. Presence of tetracycline

resistance determinants and susceptibility to tigecycline and

minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1636–8.

Fritsche T, Strabala P, Sader H, Jones R. Activity of tigecycline

tested against non-fermentative gram-negative bacilli other than P. aeruginosa. 42nd Annual Meeting of IDSA; 2004; Boston, USA.

Abstract 323.

Poulakou G, Kontopidou F, Paramythiotou E, Kompoti M, Katsiari

M, Manias E, et al. Tigecycline in the treatment of infections

from multi-drug resistant gram-negative pathogens. J Infect.

;58(4):273–84.

Peleg A, Potoski B, Rea R, Adams J, Sethi J, Capitano B, et al.

Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infection while receiving

tigecycline: a cautionary report. J Antimicrob Chemother.

;59(1):128–31.

Livermore D. Tigecycline: what is it, and where should it be

used?. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:611-4.

Anthony K, Fishman N, Linkin D, Gasink L, Edelstein P,

Lautenbach E. Clinical and microbiological outcomes of serious

infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms

treated with tigecicline. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:567-70.

Li J, Nation R, Milne R, Turnidge J, Coulthard K. Evaluation

of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant Gram-negative

bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;25:11-25.

Falagas M, Kasiakou S. Colistin: The revival of polymyxins for

the management of multidrugresistant gram-negative bacterial

infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1333-41.

Evans M, Feola D, Rapp R. Polymyxin B sulfate and colistin: old

antibiotics for emerging multiresistant gram-negative bacteria.

Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:960-7.

Levin A, Barone A, Penco J, Santos M, Marinho I, Arruda E, et

al. Intravenous colistin as therapy for nosocomial infections

caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and

Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:1008–11.

Kallel H, Bahloul M, Hergafi L, Akrout M, Ketata W, Chelly H, et

al. Colistin as a salvage therapy for nosocomial infections caused

by multidrug-resistant bacteria in the ICU. Int J Antimicrob

Agents. 2006;28:366–9.

Shirawi N, Memish Z, Cherfan A, Shimemeri A. Post-neurosurgical

meningitis due to multidrug resistant Acinetobacter treated with

intratecal colistina: case report and review of the literature. J

Chemother. 2006;18:554-558.

Garnacho J, Ortiz C, Jimenez F, Barrero A, García J, Bernabeu M,

et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin:

a comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis.

;36:1111–8.

Linden P, Paterson D. Parenteral and inhaled colistin for

treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis.

;43(Suppl 2):89-94.

Kasiakou S, Michalopoulos A, Soteriades E, Samonis G,

Sermaides G, Falagas M. Combination therapy with intravenous

colistin for management of infections due to multidrug-resistant

gram-negative bacteria in patients without cystic fibrosis.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3136–46.

Katragkou A, Roilides E. Successful treatment of multidrugresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system

infections with colistin. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:4916–7.

Fulnecky E, Wright D, Scheld W, Kanawati L, Shoham S.

Amikacin and colistin for treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii

meningitis. J Infect. 2005;51:249-51.

Benifla M, Zucker G, Cohen A, Alkan M. Successful treatment

of Acinetobacter meningitis with intrathecal polymyxin E. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:290–2.

Al S, Memish Z, Cherfan A, Al S. Post-neurosurgical meningitis

due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii treated with

intrathecal colistin: case report and review of the literature. J

Chemother. 2006;18:554–8.

Ng J, Gosbell I, Kelly J, Boyle M, Ferguson J. Cure of multiresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii central nervous system infections with

intraventricular or intrathecal colistin: case series and literature

review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:1078–81.

Falagas M, Bliziotis I, Tam V. Intraventricular or intrathecal

use of polymyxins in patients with gram-negative meningitis:

a systematic review of the available evidence. Int J Antimicrob

Agents. 2007;29:9–25.

Alvarez C, Cortes J, Ovalle M. Boletin GREBO 2015. GREBO

[Internet]. 2015. Disponible en: http://www.grebo.org/grebo_site/

jgrebo/documentos/Boletin_Grebo_2015.pdf

Rahal J. Novel antibiotic combinations against infections with

almost completely resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and

Acinetobacter species. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(Suppl 2):S95–9.

Chait R, Craney A, Kishony R. Antibiotic interactions that select

against resistance. Nature. 2007;446:668–71.

Montero A, Ariza J, Corbella X, Doménech A, Cabellos C, Ayats

J, et al. Antibiotic combinations for serious infections caused

by carbapenem- resistant Acinetobacter baumanii in a mouse

pneumonia model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:1085-91.

Saballs M, Pujol M, Tubau F, Peña C, Montero A, Domínguez

M, et al. Rifampicin/imipenem combination in the treatment

of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii infections. J

Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:697-700.

Bernabeu M, Pichardo C, García A, Pachón M, Ibáñez J, Jiménez

M, et al. Pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic assessment of

the in-vivo efficacy of Imipenem alone or in combination with

amikacina for the treatment of experimental multiresistant

Acinetobacter baumanii pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect.

;11:319–25.

Ermertcan S, Hosgor M, Tunger O, Cosar G. Investigation of

synergism of meropenem and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and Acinetobacter strains isolated from intensive care

unit infections. Scand J Infect Dis. 2001;33:818–21.

Joly-Guillou M, Wolff M, Farinotti R, Bryskier A, Carbon C. In vivo

activity of levofloxacin alone or in combination with imipenem

or amikacin in a mouse model of Acinetobacter baumannii

pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46:827–30.

Sader H, Rhomberg P, Jones R. In vitro activity of beta-lactam

antimicrobial agents in combination with aztreonam tested against

metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and

Acinetobacter baumannii. J Chemother. 2005;17:622–7.

Howard A, O´Donoghue M, Feeney A. Acinetobacter baumannii:

an emerging opportunistic pathogen. Virulence. 2012;3:243-50.

Mihu M, Martinez L. Novel therapies for treatment of multi-drug

resistant Acinetobacter baumannii skin infections. Virulence.

;2:97-102.

Coates A, Hu Y. Novel approaches to developing new antibiotics

for bacterial infections. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152:1147-54.

Poole K. Overcoming multidrug resistance in gramnegative

bacteria. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;4:128-39.

Wang J, Hu B, Xu M, Yan Q, Liu S, Zhu X, et al. Use of

bacteriophage in the treatment of experimental animal bacteremia

from imipenem-resistant Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Int J Mol Med.

;17:309–17.

Yang H, Liang L, Lin S, Jia S. Isolation and characterization of

a virulent bacteriophage AB1 of Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC

Microbiol. 2010;10:131.

Shankar R, He L, Szilagyi A, Muthu K, Gamelli R, Filutowicz M,

et al. A novel antibacterial gene transfer treatment for multidrugresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii-induced burn sepsis. J Burn

Care Res. 2007;28:6-12.

Dadachova E, Burns T, Bryan R, Apostolidis C, Brechbiel

M, Nosanchuk J, et al. Feasibility of radioimmunotherapy of

experimental pneumococcal infection. Antimicrob Agents

Chemother. 2004;48:1624-9.

Dadachova E, Nakouzi A, Bryan R, Casadevall A. Ionizing

radiation delivered by specific antibody is therapeutic against a

fungal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10942-7.

Dadachova E, Patel M, Toussi S, Apostolidis C, Morgenstern A,

Brechbiel M, et al. Targeted killing of virally infected cells by

radiolabeled antibodies to viral proteins. PLoS Med. 2006;3:427.

McConnell M, Domínguez J, Smani Y, López R, Docobo F,

Pachón J. Vaccination with outer membrane complexes elicits

rapid protective immunity to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii. Infect Immun. 2011;79:518-26.

Islam A, Singh K, Ismail A. Demonstration of an outer membrane

protein that is antigenically specific for Acinetobacter baumannii.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;69:38-44.

Castano A, Mroz P, Wu M, Hamblin M. Photodynamic therapy

plus low-dose cyclophosphamide generates antitumor immunity

in a mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:5495-500.

Demidova T, Hamblin M. Photodynamic therapy targeted to

pathogens. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004;17:245-54.

Dai T, Tegos G, Lu Z, Huang L, Zhiyentayev T, Franklin M, et

al. Photodynamic therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii burn

infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3929-

Friedman A, Han G, Navati M, Chacko M, Gunther L, Alfieri A, et al. Sustained release nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles:

characterization of a novel delivery platform based on nitrite

containing hydrogel/glass composites. Nitric Oxide. 2008;19:12-20.

Mihu M, Sandkovsky U, Han G, Friedman J, Nosanchuk J,

Martinez L. The use of nitric oxide releasing nanoparticles as a

treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in wound infections.

Virulence. 2010;1(2):62-7.

Siegel J, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Healthcare

Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of

multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J

Infect Control. 2007;35(10 Suppl 2):S165-93.

Dijkshoorn L, Nemec A, Seifert H. An increasing threat in

hospitals: multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii. Nat Rev

Microbiol. 2007;5(12):939-51.

Wilks M, Wilson A, Warwick S, Price E, Kennedy D, Ely A, et

al. Control of an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii—calcoaceticus colonization and infection in

an intensive care unit (ICU) without closing the ICU or

placing patients in isolation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.

;27(7):654-8.

Zarrilli R, Casillo R, Di Popolo A, Tripodi MF, Bagattini M,

Cuccurullo S, et al. Molecular epidemiology of a clonal outbreak

of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a university

hospital in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(5):481-9.

Kraniotaki E, Manganelli R, Platsouka E, Grossato A, Paniara

O, Palú G. Molecular investigation of an outbreak of multidrugresistant

Acinetobacter baumannii, with characterisation of class

integrons. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;28(3):193-9.

Podnos Y, Cinat M, Wilson S, Cooke J, Gornick W, Thrupp

L. Eradication of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter from an

intensive care unit. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2001;2(4):297-301.

Aygün G, Demirkiran O, Utku T, Mete B, Urkmez S, Yilmaz M, et

al. Environmental contamination during a carbapenem-resistant

Acinetobacter baumannii outbreak in an intensive care unit. J

Hosp Infect. 2002;52(4):259-62.

Lee S, Kim N, Choi S, Hyong Kim T, Chung J, Woo J, et al. Risk

factors for acquisition of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter

baumannii: a case-control study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.

;48(1):224-8.

Kim YA, Choi JY, Kim CK, Kim CO, Kim MS, Choi SH, et al. Risk

factors and outcomes of bloodstream infections with metallo–

beta–lactamase-producing Acinetobacter. Scand J Infect Dis.

;40(3):234-40.

Villers D, Espaze E, Coste M, Giauffret F, Ninin E, Nicolas F, et al.

Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii infections: microbiological

and clinical epidemiology. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(3):182-9.

Abbo A, Navon S, Hammer O, Krichali T, Siegman Y, Carmeli Y.

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Emerg Infect Dis.

;11(1):22-9.

Cornaglia G, Akova M, Amicosante G, Cantón R, Cauda R,

Docquier J, et al. Metallo-beta-lactamases as emerging resistance

determinants in Gram-negative pathogens: open issues. Int J

Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29(4):380-8.

Nemec A, Dijkshoorn L, van der Reijden T. Long-term

predominance of two pan-European clones among multi-resistant

Acinetobacter baumannii strains in the Czech Republic. J Med

Microbiol. 2004;53(2):147-53.

Van den Broek P, Arends J, Bernards A, De Brauwer E, Mascini E,

van der Reijden T, et al. Epidemiology of multiple Acinetobacter

outbreaks in the Netherlands during the period 1999-2001. Clin

Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(9):837-43.

Suller M, Russell A. Antibiotic and biocide resistance in

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycinresistant

enterococcus. J Hosp Infect. 1999;43(4):281-91.

Thomas L, Maillard J, Lambert R, Russell A. Development of

resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

and the effect of a “residual” concentration. J Hosp Infect.

;46(4):297–303.

Wisplinghoff H, Schmitt R, Wöhrmann A, Stefanik D, Seifert

H. Resistance to disinfectants in epidemiologically defined

clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. J Hosp Infect.

;66(2):174-81.

Kaye K, Harris A, Samore M, Carmeli Y. The case-case-control

study design: addressing the limitations of risk factor studies

for antimicrobial resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.

;26(4):346-51.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.