Keywords
Histology
Cartilage
Elastic Modulus
Chondrocyte
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cartilage
Elastic Modulus
Chondrocyte
Biomechanical Phenomena
How to Cite
Rodríguez-Camacho, D. F., & Correa-Mesa, J. F. (2018). Biomechanics of articular cartilage and its responses to the application of forces. Médicas UIS, 31(3), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.18273/revmed.v31n3-2018005
Abstract
Background: cartilage is a specialized connective tissue widely studied for its mechanical components and its contribution to joint functioning. The understanding of cartilage role necessarily requires an approach of biomechanical behavior. Objective: to perform
a literature review about the biomechanics of the articular cartilage and its responses to applied forces. Materials and Methods: a bibliographic search was conducted in Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct and Google academic databases, of articles published between 1998 and 2017, with the terms: “Cartilage Biomechanic”, “Cartilage Physiology”, and “Cartilage Histology”. 55 articles were found, 44 in English and 11 in Spanish, which contained relevant information about the biomechanics of articular cartilage. Results: this article summarizes a set of concepts derived from experimental studies and other reviews of the topic, addressing updates regarding histology, physiology and different mechanical responses to different stimuli such as anisotropy, viscoelasticity, hysteresis and fluency. Conclusions: the articular cartilage is a three-phase connective tissue that allows the support and transmission of loads thanks to the mechanotransduction. The approach and understanding of the biomechanics of the tissues is necessary for the prescription of exercise in apparently normal and pathological conditions. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(3):47-56.
References
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on in vivo cartilage healing and repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
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7. Cooper C, Javaid MK, Arden N. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis.
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springer.com/10.1007/978-1-910315-16-3_2.
8. Cerit B. Determination and Evaluation of the Needs of the
Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in their Daily Living Activities.
Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2014; 152:841-4.
9. Neogi T, Zhang Y. Epidemiology of OA. Rheum Dis Clin North
Am. 2013;39(1):1-19.
10. Puig-Junoy J, Ruiz Zamora A. Socio-economic costs of
osteoarthritis: A systematic review of cost-of-illness studies.
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(5):531-41.
11. Litwic A, Edwards MH, Dennison EM, Cooper C. Epidemiology
and burden of osteoarthritis. Br Med Bull. 2013;105(1):185-99.
12. Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Zhai G, Winzenberg TM, Hosmer D, Jones
G. A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and
severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(9):769-
81.
13. Shane Anderson A, Loeser RF. Why is osteoarthritis an agerelated
disease? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(1):15-26.
14. Yang X, Zhao J, He Y, Huangfu X. Screening for characteristic
genes in osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial
meniscus utilizing bioinformatics approach. J Musculoskelet
Neuronal Interact. 2014;14(3):343-8.
15. Männicke N, Schöne M, Oelze M, Raum K. Articular cartilage
degeneration classification by means of high-frequency
ultrasound. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(10):1577-82.
16. Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJB, Shintani N. An educational
review of cartilage repair: precepts & practice - myths &
misconceptions - progress & prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2015;23(3):334-50.
17. Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T, Bertrand J. Cartilage biology, pathology,
and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67(24):4197-211.
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biomecánicas del sistema musculoesquelético. 4ª ed. Madrid,
España: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
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repercusión en la reparación tisular. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol.
2002;46(5):380-90.
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y biomecánica del desarrollo. Rev Esp Cir Ortop
Traumatol.2005;49(1):55-67.
21. Mobasheri A, Kalamegam G, Musumeci G, Batt ME. Chondrocyte
and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for cartilage repair
in osteoarthritis and related orthopaedic conditions. Maturitas.
2014;78(3):188-98.
22. Wen CY, Wu CB, Tang B, Wang T, Yan CH, Lu WW, et al.
Collagen fibril stiffening in osteoarthritic cartilage of human
beings revealed by atomic force microscopy. Osteoarthr Cartil.
2012;20(8):916-22.
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aparato locomotor. Barcelona: Masson; 2007.
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cartilaginoso: acercamiento conceptual. EIA. 2007;4(8):117-9.
25. Ng L, Grodzinsky AJ, Patwari P, Sandy J, Plaas A, Ortiz C.
Individual cartilage aggrecan macromolecules and their
constituent glycosaminoglycans visualized via atomic force
microscopy. J Struct Biol. 2003;143(3):242-57.
26. Nordin M, Frankel VH. Bases biomecánicas del sistema
musculoesquelético. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins; 2013.
27. Quintero M, Monfort J, Mitrovic DR. Osteoartrosis: biología,
fisiopatología, clínica y tratamiento. 1ª ed. Madrid: Editorial
Médica Panamericana; 2009.
28. Ricard F. Tratamiento osteopático de las algias de origen
cervical: cervicalgias, hernias discales, tortícolis, neuralgias
cervicobraquiales, cefalas, migrañas, vértigos. 1ª ed. Madrid:
Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2008.
29. Struglics A, Larsson S. A comparison of different purification
methods of aggrecan fragments from human articular cartilage
and synovial fluid. Matrix Biol. 2010;29(1):74-83.
30. Pescador-Hernandez D. Ingeniería tisular para el tratamiento
de las lesiones osteocondrales. Ediciones Universidad de
Salamanca. España. 2012.
31. Gao L-L, Zhang C-Q, Gao H, Liu Z-D, Xiao P-P. Depth and
rate dependent mechanical behaviors for articular cartilage:
experiments and theoretical predictions. Mater Sci Eng C.
2014;38:244-51.
32. Accardi MA, Dini D, Cann PM. Experimental and numerical
investigation of the behaviour of articular cartilage under
shear loading—Interstitial fluid pressurisation and lubrication
mechanisms. Tribol Int. 2011;44(5):565-78.
33. Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid
pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary
lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage. 2008;16(10):1220-7.
34. Chan SMT, Neu CP, DuRaine G, Komvopoulos K, Reddi
AH. Tribological altruism: A sacrificial layer mechanism of synovial joint lubrication in articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2426-31.
35. Qian S, Ge S, Zhang H. Investigation of Contact and Friction
Behavior of Natural Cartilage by Glass Slope Configuration. Phys
Procedia. 2012;33:85-95.
36. Waters NP, Stoker AM, Carson WL, Pfeiffer FM, Cook JL.
Biomarkers affected by impact velocity and maximum strain of
cartilage during injury. J Biomech. 2014;47(12):3185-95.
37. Gu WY, Yao H, Huang CY, Cheung HS. New insight into
deformation-dependent hydraulic permeability of gels and
cartilage, and dynamic behavior of agarose gels in confined
compression. J Biomech. 2003;36(4):593-8.
38. Baykal D, Underwood RJ, Mansmann K, Marcolongo M, Kurtz SM.
Evaluation of friction properties of hydrogels based on a biphasic
cartilage model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013;28:263-73.
39. Hamann N, Zaucke F, Dayakli M, Brüggemann G-P, Niehoff
A. Growth-related structural, biochemical, and mechanical
properties of the functional bone-cartilage unit. J Anat.
2013;222(2):248-59.
40. Halász K, Kassner A, Mörgelin M, Heinegård D. COMP
acts as a catalyst in collagen fibrillogenesis. J Biol Chem.
2007;282(43):31166-73.
41. Niehoff A, Müller M, Brüggemann L, Savage T, Zaucke F, Eckstein
F, et al. Deformational behaviour of knee cartilage and changes in
serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) after running
and drop landing. Osteoarthritis Cartilage . 2011;19(8):1003-10.
42. López-Vaca OR, Narváez-Tovar CA, Garzón-Alvarado DA.
Modelos computacionales del comportamiento del cartílago
articular. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd. 2012; 31(3): 373-385.
43. E.Trujillo Martin. Canales de agua e iones en el cartílago articular.
Rev Esp Reumatol. 2005;32(1):1-47
44. Orr AW, Helmke BP, Blackman BR, Schwartz MA. Mechanisms of
Mechanotransduction. Dev Cell. 2006;10(1):11-20.
45. Chen CS, Tan J, Tien J. Mechanotransduction at cell-matrix and
cell-cell contacts. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6(1):275-302.
46. Ingber DE, Wang N, Stamenović D. Tensegrity, cellular
biophysics, and the mechanics of living systems. Rep Prog Phys.
2014;77(4):046603.
47. Guo H, Maher SA, Torzilli PA. A biphasic multiscale study of
the mechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes within
articular cartilage under unconfined compression. J Biomech.
2014;47(11):2721-9.
48. Madej W, van Caam A, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM,
Buma P. Physiological and excessive mechanical compression of
articular cartilage activates Smad2/3P signaling. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage. 2014;22(7):1018-25.
49. Wilusz RE, DeFrate LE, Guilak F. A biomechanical role for
perlecan in the pericellular matrix of articular cartilage. Matrix
Biol. 2012;31(6):320-7.
50. Latif MJA, Hashim NH, Ramlan R, Mahmud J, Jumahat A, Kadir
MRA. The Effects of Surface Curvature on Cartilage Behaviour
in Indentation Test: A Finite Element Study. Procedia Eng.
2013;68:109-15.
51. Szafranski JD, Grodzinsky AJ, Burger E, Gaschen V, Hung H-H,
Hunziker EB. Chondrocyte mechanotransduction: effects of
compression on deformation of intracellular organelles and
relevance to cellular biosynthesis. Osteoarthr Cartil OARS
Osteoarthr Res Soc. 2004;12(12):937-46.
52. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Una
introducción a la mecanobiología computacional [Internet].
[citado 21 de marzo de 2015]. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/
scielo.php?pid=S0864-03002011000300008&script=sci_arttext
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extracellular matrix proteins. J Cell Commun Signal. 2009;3(3-
4):177-87.
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viscoelasticity. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2450-6.
55. De Visser SK, Bowden JC, Wentrup-Byrne E, Rintoul L, Bostrom
T, Pope JM, et al. Anisotropy of collagen fibre alignment in bovine
cartilage: comparison of polarised light microscopy and spatially
resolved diffusion-tensor measurements. Osteoarthr Cartil OARS
Osteoarthr Res Soc. 2008;16(6):689-97.
56. Xia Y. Averaged and depth-dependent anisotropy of articular
cartilage by microscopic imaging. Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2008;37(5):317-27.
57. Yin J-H, Xia Y, Ramakrishnan N. Depth-dependent anisotropy of
proteoglycan in articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared
imaging. Vib Spectrosc. 2011;57(2):338-41.
58. Lange JR, Fabry B. Cell and tissue mechanics in cell migration.
Exp Cell Res. 2013;319(16):2418-23.
59. García JJ, Cortés DH. A biphasic viscohyperelastic fibril-reinforced
model for articular cartilage: formulation and comparison with
experimental data. J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1737-44.
60. García JJ, Cortés DH. A nonlinear biphasic viscohyperelastic
model for articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2006;39(16):2991-8.
61. Han S-K, Madden R, Abusara Z, Herzog W. In situ chondrocyte
viscoelasticity. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2450-6.
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2014;38:244-51.
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Cartilage. 2004;12(1):65-73.
2. López-Vaca O, Narváez-Tovar C, Garzón-Alvarado D. Modeloscomputacionales del comportamiento del cartílago articular. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd. 2012;31(3):373-85.
3. Illustration Toolkit - Biology [Internet]. [citado 21 de mayo de 2018]. Disponible en: ttp://www.motifolio.com/biology.html.
4. Chevalier X. Fisiopatología de la artrosis. EMC-Apar Locomot.2009;42(1):1-11.
5. Malfait AM. Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: biology.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(1):21-6.
6. Schmidt MB, Chen EH, Lynch SE. A review of the effects of
insulin-like growth factor and platelet derived growth factor
on in vivo cartilage healing and repair. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2006;14(5):403-12.
7. Cooper C, Javaid MK, Arden N. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis.
En: Atlas of Osteoarthritis [Internet]. Tarporley: Springer
Healthcare Ltd.; 2014. p. 21-36. Disponible en: http://link.
springer.com/10.1007/978-1-910315-16-3_2.
8. Cerit B. Determination and Evaluation of the Needs of the
Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis in their Daily Living Activities.
Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2014; 152:841-4.
9. Neogi T, Zhang Y. Epidemiology of OA. Rheum Dis Clin North
Am. 2013;39(1):1-19.
10. Puig-Junoy J, Ruiz Zamora A. Socio-economic costs of
osteoarthritis: A systematic review of cost-of-illness studies.
Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;44(5):531-41.
11. Litwic A, Edwards MH, Dennison EM, Cooper C. Epidemiology
and burden of osteoarthritis. Br Med Bull. 2013;105(1):185-99.
12. Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Zhai G, Winzenberg TM, Hosmer D, Jones
G. A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and
severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2005;13(9):769-
81.
13. Shane Anderson A, Loeser RF. Why is osteoarthritis an agerelated
disease? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(1):15-26.
14. Yang X, Zhao J, He Y, Huangfu X. Screening for characteristic
genes in osteoarthritis induced by destabilization of the medial
meniscus utilizing bioinformatics approach. J Musculoskelet
Neuronal Interact. 2014;14(3):343-8.
15. Männicke N, Schöne M, Oelze M, Raum K. Articular cartilage
degeneration classification by means of high-frequency
ultrasound. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2014;22(10):1577-82.
16. Hunziker EB, Lippuner K, Keel MJB, Shintani N. An educational
review of cartilage repair: precepts & practice - myths &
misconceptions - progress & prospects. Osteoarthritis Cartilage.
2015;23(3):334-50.
17. Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T, Bertrand J. Cartilage biology, pathology,
and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67(24):4197-211.
18. Nordin M, Anzures MBJ, Frankel VH, Sánchez F. Bases
biomecánicas del sistema musculoesquelético. 4ª ed. Madrid,
España: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
19. Forriol F. El cartílago articular: aspectos mecánicos y su
repercusión en la reparación tisular. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol.
2002;46(5):380-90.
20. Shapiro F, Forriol F. El cartílago de crecimiento: biología
y biomecánica del desarrollo. Rev Esp Cir Ortop
Traumatol.2005;49(1):55-67.
21. Mobasheri A, Kalamegam G, Musumeci G, Batt ME. Chondrocyte
and mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for cartilage repair
in osteoarthritis and related orthopaedic conditions. Maturitas.
2014;78(3):188-98.
22. Wen CY, Wu CB, Tang B, Wang T, Yan CH, Lu WW, et al.
Collagen fibril stiffening in osteoarthritic cartilage of human
beings revealed by atomic force microscopy. Osteoarthr Cartil.
2012;20(8):916-22.
23. Miralles RC, Miralles I. Biomecánica clínica de las patologías del
aparato locomotor. Barcelona: Masson; 2007.
24. Zapata NM, Zuluaga NJ, Betancur SN, López LE. Cultivo de tegido
cartilaginoso: acercamiento conceptual. EIA. 2007;4(8):117-9.
25. Ng L, Grodzinsky AJ, Patwari P, Sandy J, Plaas A, Ortiz C.
Individual cartilage aggrecan macromolecules and their
constituent glycosaminoglycans visualized via atomic force
microscopy. J Struct Biol. 2003;143(3):242-57.
26. Nordin M, Frankel VH. Bases biomecánicas del sistema
musculoesquelético. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins; 2013.
27. Quintero M, Monfort J, Mitrovic DR. Osteoartrosis: biología,
fisiopatología, clínica y tratamiento. 1ª ed. Madrid: Editorial
Médica Panamericana; 2009.
28. Ricard F. Tratamiento osteopático de las algias de origen
cervical: cervicalgias, hernias discales, tortícolis, neuralgias
cervicobraquiales, cefalas, migrañas, vértigos. 1ª ed. Madrid:
Editorial Médica Panamericana; 2008.
29. Struglics A, Larsson S. A comparison of different purification
methods of aggrecan fragments from human articular cartilage
and synovial fluid. Matrix Biol. 2010;29(1):74-83.
30. Pescador-Hernandez D. Ingeniería tisular para el tratamiento
de las lesiones osteocondrales. Ediciones Universidad de
Salamanca. España. 2012.
31. Gao L-L, Zhang C-Q, Gao H, Liu Z-D, Xiao P-P. Depth and
rate dependent mechanical behaviors for articular cartilage:
experiments and theoretical predictions. Mater Sci Eng C.
2014;38:244-51.
32. Accardi MA, Dini D, Cann PM. Experimental and numerical
investigation of the behaviour of articular cartilage under
shear loading—Interstitial fluid pressurisation and lubrication
mechanisms. Tribol Int. 2011;44(5):565-78.
33. Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid
pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary
lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage. 2008;16(10):1220-7.
34. Chan SMT, Neu CP, DuRaine G, Komvopoulos K, Reddi
AH. Tribological altruism: A sacrificial layer mechanism of synovial joint lubrication in articular cartilage. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2426-31.
35. Qian S, Ge S, Zhang H. Investigation of Contact and Friction
Behavior of Natural Cartilage by Glass Slope Configuration. Phys
Procedia. 2012;33:85-95.
36. Waters NP, Stoker AM, Carson WL, Pfeiffer FM, Cook JL.
Biomarkers affected by impact velocity and maximum strain of
cartilage during injury. J Biomech. 2014;47(12):3185-95.
37. Gu WY, Yao H, Huang CY, Cheung HS. New insight into
deformation-dependent hydraulic permeability of gels and
cartilage, and dynamic behavior of agarose gels in confined
compression. J Biomech. 2003;36(4):593-8.
38. Baykal D, Underwood RJ, Mansmann K, Marcolongo M, Kurtz SM.
Evaluation of friction properties of hydrogels based on a biphasic
cartilage model. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013;28:263-73.
39. Hamann N, Zaucke F, Dayakli M, Brüggemann G-P, Niehoff
A. Growth-related structural, biochemical, and mechanical
properties of the functional bone-cartilage unit. J Anat.
2013;222(2):248-59.
40. Halász K, Kassner A, Mörgelin M, Heinegård D. COMP
acts as a catalyst in collagen fibrillogenesis. J Biol Chem.
2007;282(43):31166-73.
41. Niehoff A, Müller M, Brüggemann L, Savage T, Zaucke F, Eckstein
F, et al. Deformational behaviour of knee cartilage and changes in
serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) after running
and drop landing. Osteoarthritis Cartilage . 2011;19(8):1003-10.
42. López-Vaca OR, Narváez-Tovar CA, Garzón-Alvarado DA.
Modelos computacionales del comportamiento del cartílago
articular. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd. 2012; 31(3): 373-385.
43. E.Trujillo Martin. Canales de agua e iones en el cartílago articular.
Rev Esp Reumatol. 2005;32(1):1-47
44. Orr AW, Helmke BP, Blackman BR, Schwartz MA. Mechanisms of
Mechanotransduction. Dev Cell. 2006;10(1):11-20.
45. Chen CS, Tan J, Tien J. Mechanotransduction at cell-matrix and
cell-cell contacts. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2004;6(1):275-302.
46. Ingber DE, Wang N, Stamenović D. Tensegrity, cellular
biophysics, and the mechanics of living systems. Rep Prog Phys.
2014;77(4):046603.
47. Guo H, Maher SA, Torzilli PA. A biphasic multiscale study of
the mechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes within
articular cartilage under unconfined compression. J Biomech.
2014;47(11):2721-9.
48. Madej W, van Caam A, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM,
Buma P. Physiological and excessive mechanical compression of
articular cartilage activates Smad2/3P signaling. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage. 2014;22(7):1018-25.
49. Wilusz RE, DeFrate LE, Guilak F. A biomechanical role for
perlecan in the pericellular matrix of articular cartilage. Matrix
Biol. 2012;31(6):320-7.
50. Latif MJA, Hashim NH, Ramlan R, Mahmud J, Jumahat A, Kadir
MRA. The Effects of Surface Curvature on Cartilage Behaviour
in Indentation Test: A Finite Element Study. Procedia Eng.
2013;68:109-15.
51. Szafranski JD, Grodzinsky AJ, Burger E, Gaschen V, Hung H-H,
Hunziker EB. Chondrocyte mechanotransduction: effects of
compression on deformation of intracellular organelles and
relevance to cellular biosynthesis. Osteoarthr Cartil OARS
Osteoarthr Res Soc. 2004;12(12):937-46.
52. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Una
introducción a la mecanobiología computacional [Internet].
[citado 21 de marzo de 2015]. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/
scielo.php?pid=S0864-03002011000300008&script=sci_arttext
53. Tan K, Lawler J. The interaction of Thrombospondins with
extracellular matrix proteins. J Cell Commun Signal. 2009;3(3-
4):177-87.
54. Han S-K, Madden R, Abusara Z, Herzog W. In situ chondrocyte
viscoelasticity. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2450-6.
55. De Visser SK, Bowden JC, Wentrup-Byrne E, Rintoul L, Bostrom
T, Pope JM, et al. Anisotropy of collagen fibre alignment in bovine
cartilage: comparison of polarised light microscopy and spatially
resolved diffusion-tensor measurements. Osteoarthr Cartil OARS
Osteoarthr Res Soc. 2008;16(6):689-97.
56. Xia Y. Averaged and depth-dependent anisotropy of articular
cartilage by microscopic imaging. Semin Arthritis Rheum.
2008;37(5):317-27.
57. Yin J-H, Xia Y, Ramakrishnan N. Depth-dependent anisotropy of
proteoglycan in articular cartilage by Fourier transform infrared
imaging. Vib Spectrosc. 2011;57(2):338-41.
58. Lange JR, Fabry B. Cell and tissue mechanics in cell migration.
Exp Cell Res. 2013;319(16):2418-23.
59. García JJ, Cortés DH. A biphasic viscohyperelastic fibril-reinforced
model for articular cartilage: formulation and comparison with
experimental data. J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1737-44.
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