Palabras clave
Stroke
Forecasting
Recovery of Function
Diagnostic Imaging
Forecasting
Recovery of Function
Diagnostic Imaging
Cómo citar
Rojas Villabona, Álvaro R. V. (2012). ¿What is the evidence, from behavioural and imaging data, that we can predict how well people recover after ischemic stroke?. Médicas UIS, 25(3). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistamedicasuis/article/view/3436
Resumen
Background: the incidence of stroke in developing countries is increasing and it is the leading cause of longstanding disability in developed countries. Early prediction of future functional abilities is important for stroke management. It is intended to review whether the initial severity of the deficit and the imaging findings could predict long term recovering after ischemic stroke. Methods: the PubMed database was searched to identify studies evaluating how the initial neurological deficit and the imaging findings could predict long term recovery after ischemic stroke. 35 articles were selected to develop a non systematic review and the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence model was used to grade the quality of the found evidence. Results: age and initial deficit evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale were the best predictors of long term recovery after ischemic stroke. The severity of the deficit in specific categories such as upper limb functions, walking and activities of the daily life had a lower level of evidence on prediction of post-stroke disability. Not a definite prognostic value had been convincingly demonstrated for size of infarction. Location of the lesion, particularly the compromise of the cortico-spinal tract evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging appeared to be a good predictor of recovery, and the pattern of brain activation after stroke evaluated with functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography scan had a moderate level of evidence as predictor of recovery after stroke. Conclusion: the severity of the initial deficit can be used to predict how well subjects will recover from an ischemic stroke and novel imaging techniques are very promising tools to predict long time recovery after ischemic stroke. (MÉD.UIS. 2012;25(3):229-38)
Referencias
1. Adamson J, Beswick A, Ebrahim S. Is stroke the most common cause of disability? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;13(4):171-7.
2. Stinear C. Prediction of recovery of motor function after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1228-32.
3. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(4):291-313.
4. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis-I-Estadella J, Prados F,Remollo S, et al. Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(5):857-63.
5. Levels of Evidence. BJU International. 2011;107(2):348.
6. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):159-70.
7. Phillips B BC, Sackett D. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. 2001. Updated by J. Howick 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025.
8. Kranz PG, Eastwood JD. Does diffusion-weighted imaging represent the ischemic core? An evidence-based systematic review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1206-12.
9. Hallevi H, Albright KC, Martin-Schild SB, Barreto AD, Morales MM, Bornstein N, et al. Recovery after ischemic stroke: criteria for good outcome by level of disability at day 7. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):341-8.
10. Alexander LD, Pettersen JA, Hopyan JJ, Sahlas DJ, Black SE. Long-term prediction of functional outcome after stroke using the Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score in the subacute stage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(8):737-44.
11. Weimar C, Konig IR, Kraywinkel K, Ziegler A, Diener HC. Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 hours after onset are accurate predictors of outcome after cerebral ischemia: development and external validation of prognostic models. Stroke. 2004;35(1):158-62.
12. Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
13. Vora NA, Shook SJ, Schumacher HC, Tievsky AL, Albers GW, Wechsler LR, et al. A 5-item scale to predict stroke outcome after cortical middle cerebral artery territory infarction: validation from results of the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) Study. Stroke. 2011;42(3):645-9.
14. Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-6.
15. Muscari A, Puddu GM, Santoro N, Zoli M. A simple scoring system for outcome prediction of ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124(5):334-42.
16. Knoflach M, Matosevic B, Rücker M, Furtner M, Mair A, Wille G, et al. Functional recovery after ischemic stroke--a matter of age: data from the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry. Neurology. 2012;78(4):279-85.
17. Jeng JS, Huang SJ, Tang SC, Yip PK. Predictors of survival and functional outcome in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):60-6.
18. Hemmen TM, Ernstrom K, Raman R. Two-hour improvement of patients in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trials and prediction of final outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3163-7.
19. Bland MD, Beebe JA, Hardwick DD, Lang CE. Restricted active range of motion at the elbow, forearm, wrist, or fingers decreases hand function. J Hand Ther. 2008;21(3):268-74.
20. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EE, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Dippel DW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter?. J Neurol Sci. 2010;294(1-2):57-61.
21. Sanchez-Blanco I, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Lopez-Munain L, Izquierdo-Sanchez M, Fermoso-Garcia J. Predictive model of functional independence in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):464-75.
22. Chen SY, Winstein CJ. A systematic review of voluntary arm recovery in hemiparetic stroke: critical predictors for meaningful outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(1):2-13.
23. Nijland RH, van Wegen EE, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41(4):745-50.
24. Craig LE, Wu O, Bernhardt J, Langhorne P. Predictors of poststroke mobility: systematic review. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(4):321-7.
25. Veerbeek JM, Van Wegen EE, Harmeling-Van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):268-74.
26. Kollen B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Longitudinal robustness of variables predicting independent gait following severe middle cerebral artery stroke: a prospective cohort study. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):262-8.
27. Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Feys H, Schuback B, Baert I, et al. Trunk performance after stroke: an eye catching predictor of functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):694-8.
28. Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(10):1357-63.
29. Veerbeek JM, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE, Ket JC, Heymans MW. Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1482-8.
30. Kissela B, Lindsell CJ, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, et al. Clinical prediction of functional outcome after ischemic stroke: the surprising importance of periventricular white matter disease and race. Stroke. 2009;40(2):530-6.
31. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T, Barber A, Donnan G, Desmond P, et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2159-64.
32. Barrett KM, Ding YH, Wagner DP, Kallmes DF, Johnston KC. Change in diffusion-weighted imaging infarct volume predicts neurologic outcome at 90 days: results of the Acute Stroke Accurate Prediction (ASAP) trial serial imaging substudy. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2422-7.
33. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Bastin ME, Armitage PA, Rana AK. Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke?. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1381-7.
34. Tong DC, Yenari MA, Albers GW, O’Brien M, Marks MP, Moseley ME. Correlation of perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI with NIHSS score in acute (<6.5 hour) ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1998;50(4):864-70.
35. Buma FE, Lindeman E, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Functional neuroimaging studies of early upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(7):589-608.
36. Yoo AJ, Barak ER, Copen WA, Kamalian S, Gharai LR, Pervez MA, et al. Combining acute diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transmit time lesion volumes with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score improves the prediction of acute stroke outcome. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1728-35.
37. Farr TD, Wegener S. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):703-17.
38. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Zanotti S, Habet K, Haery C, et al. Preload-independent mechanisms contribute to increased stroke volume following large volume saline infusion in normal volunteers: a prospective interventional study. Crit Care. 2004;8(3):128-36.
39. Rapisarda G, Bastings E, de Noordhout AM, Pennisi G, Delwaide PJ. Can motor recovery in stroke patients be predicted by early transcranial magnetic stimulation? Stroke. 1996;27(12):2191-6.
40. Cho SH, Kim DG, Kim DS, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jang Sh. Motor outcome according to the integrity of the corticospinal tract determined by diffusion tensor tractography in the early stage of corona radiata infarct. Neurosci Lett. 2007;426(2):123-7.
41. Kusano Y, Seguchi T, Horiuchi T, Kakizawa Y, Kobayashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in acute cerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging at 3T: a prospective study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1561-5.
42. Nelles M, Gieseke J, Flacke S, Lachenmayer L, Schild HH, Urbach H. Diffusion tensor pyramidal tractography in patients with anterior choroidal artery infarcts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):488-93.
43. Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Kappelle LJ, Prevo AJ. Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(2):96-101.
44. Jang SH. Prediction of motor outcome for hemiparetic stroke patients using diffusion tensor imaging: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(4):367-72.
45. Pineiro R, Pendlebury ST, Smith S, Flitney D, Blamire AM, et al. Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways. Stroke. 2000;31(3):672-9.
46. Lee JS, Han MK, Kim SH, Kwon OK, Kim JH. Fiber tracking by diffusion tensor imaging in corticospinal tract stroke: Topographical correlation with clinical symptoms. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):771-6.
47. Maeda T, Ishizaki K, Yura S. [Can diffusion tensor imaging predict the functional outcome of supra-tentorial stroke?]. No To Shinkei. 2005;57(1):27-32.
48. Yang Q, Tress BM, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Darby DG, Gerraty RP, et al. Serial study of apparent diffusion coefficient and anisotropy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2382-90.
49. Kwon YH, Jeoung YJ, Lee J, Son SM, Kim S, Kim C, et al. Predictability of motor outcome according to the time of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cerebral infarct. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(7):691-7.
50. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis IEJ, Prats A, Prados F, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with motor deficit 30 days after middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):1324-30.
51. Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(1):1-10.
52. Zarahn E, Alon L, Ryan SL, Lazar RM, Vry MS, Weiller C, et al. Prediction of motor recovery using initial impairment and fMRI 48 h poststroke. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(12):2712-21.
53. Sillanpää MJ, Pikkuhookana P, Abrahamsson S, Knürr T, Fries A, Lerceteau E, et al. Simultaneous estimation of multiple quantitative trait loci and growth curve parameters through hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Heredity (Edinb). 2012;108(2):134-46.
2. Stinear C. Prediction of recovery of motor function after stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1228-32.
3. Coupar F, Pollock A, Rowe P, Weir C, Langhorne P. Predictors of upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2012;26(4):291-313.
4. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis-I-Estadella J, Prados F,Remollo S, et al. Acute damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule on diffusion tensor tractography as an early imaging predictor of motor outcome after stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(5):857-63.
5. Levels of Evidence. BJU International. 2011;107(2):348.
6. Counsell C, Dennis M. Systematic review of prognostic models in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;12(3):159-70.
7. Phillips B BC, Sackett D. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. 2001. Updated by J. Howick 2009. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/?o=1025.
8. Kranz PG, Eastwood JD. Does diffusion-weighted imaging represent the ischemic core? An evidence-based systematic review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(6):1206-12.
9. Hallevi H, Albright KC, Martin-Schild SB, Barreto AD, Morales MM, Bornstein N, et al. Recovery after ischemic stroke: criteria for good outcome by level of disability at day 7. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28(4):341-8.
10. Alexander LD, Pettersen JA, Hopyan JJ, Sahlas DJ, Black SE. Long-term prediction of functional outcome after stroke using the Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score in the subacute stage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(8):737-44.
11. Weimar C, Konig IR, Kraywinkel K, Ziegler A, Diener HC. Age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score within 6 hours after onset are accurate predictors of outcome after cerebral ischemia: development and external validation of prognostic models. Stroke. 2004;35(1):158-62.
12. Collin C, Wade DT, Davies S, Horne V. The Barthel ADL Index: a reliability study. Int Disabil Stud. 1988;10(2):61-3.
13. Vora NA, Shook SJ, Schumacher HC, Tievsky AL, Albers GW, Wechsler LR, et al. A 5-item scale to predict stroke outcome after cortical middle cerebral artery territory infarction: validation from results of the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) Study. Stroke. 2011;42(3):645-9.
14. Wilson JT, Hareendran A, Grant M, Baird T, Schulz UG, Muir KW, et al. Improving the assessment of outcomes in stroke: use of a structured interview to assign grades on the modified Rankin Scale. Stroke. 2002;33(9):2243-6.
15. Muscari A, Puddu GM, Santoro N, Zoli M. A simple scoring system for outcome prediction of ischemic stroke. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124(5):334-42.
16. Knoflach M, Matosevic B, Rücker M, Furtner M, Mair A, Wille G, et al. Functional recovery after ischemic stroke--a matter of age: data from the Austrian Stroke Unit Registry. Neurology. 2012;78(4):279-85.
17. Jeng JS, Huang SJ, Tang SC, Yip PK. Predictors of survival and functional outcome in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270(1-2):60-6.
18. Hemmen TM, Ernstrom K, Raman R. Two-hour improvement of patients in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trials and prediction of final outcome. Stroke. 2011;42(11):3163-7.
19. Bland MD, Beebe JA, Hardwick DD, Lang CE. Restricted active range of motion at the elbow, forearm, wrist, or fingers decreases hand function. J Hand Ther. 2008;21(3):268-74.
20. Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EE, Nijland R, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Dippel DW. Predictive value of the NIHSS for ADL outcome after ischemic hemispheric stroke: does timing of early assessment matter?. J Neurol Sci. 2010;294(1-2):57-61.
21. Sanchez-Blanco I, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Lopez-Munain L, Izquierdo-Sanchez M, Fermoso-Garcia J. Predictive model of functional independence in stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation programme. Clin Rehabil. 1999;13(6):464-75.
22. Chen SY, Winstein CJ. A systematic review of voluntary arm recovery in hemiparetic stroke: critical predictors for meaningful outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability, and health. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009;33(1):2-13.
23. Nijland RH, van Wegen EE, Harmeling-van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: the EPOS cohort study. Stroke. 2010;41(4):745-50.
24. Craig LE, Wu O, Bernhardt J, Langhorne P. Predictors of poststroke mobility: systematic review. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(4):321-7.
25. Veerbeek JM, Van Wegen EE, Harmeling-Van der Wel BC, Kwakkel G. Is accurate prediction of gait in nonambulatory stroke patients possible within 72 hours poststroke? The EPOS study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011;25(3):268-74.
26. Kollen B, Kwakkel G, Lindeman E. Longitudinal robustness of variables predicting independent gait following severe middle cerebral artery stroke: a prospective cohort study. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(3):262-8.
27. Verheyden G, Nieuwboer A, De Wit L, Feys H, Schuback B, Baert I, et al. Trunk performance after stroke: an eye catching predictor of functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(7):694-8.
28. Patel AT, Duncan PW, Lai SM, Studenski S. The relation between impairments and functional outcomes poststroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(10):1357-63.
29. Veerbeek JM, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE, Ket JC, Heymans MW. Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1482-8.
30. Kissela B, Lindsell CJ, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, et al. Clinical prediction of functional outcome after ischemic stroke: the surprising importance of periventricular white matter disease and race. Stroke. 2009;40(2):530-6.
31. Butcher K, Parsons M, Baird T, Barber A, Donnan G, Desmond P, et al. Perfusion thresholds in acute stroke thrombolysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2159-64.
32. Barrett KM, Ding YH, Wagner DP, Kallmes DF, Johnston KC. Change in diffusion-weighted imaging infarct volume predicts neurologic outcome at 90 days: results of the Acute Stroke Accurate Prediction (ASAP) trial serial imaging substudy. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2422-7.
33. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Bastin ME, Armitage PA, Rana AK. Is diffusion imaging appearance an independent predictor of outcome after ischemic stroke?. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1381-7.
34. Tong DC, Yenari MA, Albers GW, O’Brien M, Marks MP, Moseley ME. Correlation of perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MRI with NIHSS score in acute (<6.5 hour) ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1998;50(4):864-70.
35. Buma FE, Lindeman E, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G. Functional neuroimaging studies of early upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2010;24(7):589-608.
36. Yoo AJ, Barak ER, Copen WA, Kamalian S, Gharai LR, Pervez MA, et al. Combining acute diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transmit time lesion volumes with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score improves the prediction of acute stroke outcome. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1728-35.
37. Farr TD, Wegener S. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to predict outcome after stroke: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(4):703-17.
38. Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Zanotti S, Habet K, Haery C, et al. Preload-independent mechanisms contribute to increased stroke volume following large volume saline infusion in normal volunteers: a prospective interventional study. Crit Care. 2004;8(3):128-36.
39. Rapisarda G, Bastings E, de Noordhout AM, Pennisi G, Delwaide PJ. Can motor recovery in stroke patients be predicted by early transcranial magnetic stimulation? Stroke. 1996;27(12):2191-6.
40. Cho SH, Kim DG, Kim DS, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jang Sh. Motor outcome according to the integrity of the corticospinal tract determined by diffusion tensor tractography in the early stage of corona radiata infarct. Neurosci Lett. 2007;426(2):123-7.
41. Kusano Y, Seguchi T, Horiuchi T, Kakizawa Y, Kobayashi T, Tanaka Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in acute cerebral hemorrhage using diffusion tensor imaging at 3T: a prospective study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1561-5.
42. Nelles M, Gieseke J, Flacke S, Lachenmayer L, Schild HH, Urbach H. Diffusion tensor pyramidal tractography in patients with anterior choroidal artery infarcts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(3):488-93.
43. Schiemanck SK, Kwakkel G, Post MW, Kappelle LJ, Prevo AJ. Impact of internal capsule lesions on outcome of motor hand function at one year post-stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40(2):96-101.
44. Jang SH. Prediction of motor outcome for hemiparetic stroke patients using diffusion tensor imaging: A review. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(4):367-72.
45. Pineiro R, Pendlebury ST, Smith S, Flitney D, Blamire AM, et al. Relating MRI changes to motor deficit after ischemic stroke by segmentation of functional motor pathways. Stroke. 2000;31(3):672-9.
46. Lee JS, Han MK, Kim SH, Kwon OK, Kim JH. Fiber tracking by diffusion tensor imaging in corticospinal tract stroke: Topographical correlation with clinical symptoms. Neuroimage. 2005;26(3):771-6.
47. Maeda T, Ishizaki K, Yura S. [Can diffusion tensor imaging predict the functional outcome of supra-tentorial stroke?]. No To Shinkei. 2005;57(1):27-32.
48. Yang Q, Tress BM, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Darby DG, Gerraty RP, et al. Serial study of apparent diffusion coefficient and anisotropy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(11):2382-90.
49. Kwon YH, Jeoung YJ, Lee J, Son SM, Kim S, Kim C, et al. Predictability of motor outcome according to the time of diffusion tensor imaging in patients with cerebral infarct. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(7):691-7.
50. Puig J, Pedraza S, Blasco G, Daunis IEJ, Prats A, Prados F, et al. Wallerian degeneration in the corticospinal tract evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging correlates with motor deficit 30 days after middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(7):1324-30.
51. Flowers HL, Skoretz SA, Streiner DL, Silver FL, Martino R. MRI-based neuroanatomical predictors of dysphagia after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;32(1):1-10.
52. Zarahn E, Alon L, Ryan SL, Lazar RM, Vry MS, Weiller C, et al. Prediction of motor recovery using initial impairment and fMRI 48 h poststroke. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(12):2712-21.
53. Sillanpää MJ, Pikkuhookana P, Abrahamsson S, Knürr T, Fries A, Lerceteau E, et al. Simultaneous estimation of multiple quantitative trait loci and growth curve parameters through hierarchical Bayesian modeling. Heredity (Edinb). 2012;108(2):134-46.
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