Resumen
Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica acerca de los beneficios y controversias del screening mamográfico del cáncer de mama, cuyo
objetivo es evaluar la justificación de la aplicación del screening mamográfico. Se incluyen los resultados más recientes de los primeros estudios clínicos randomizados realizados para evaluar los efectos del screening en la mortalidad por cáncer de mama. También se incluyen revisiones y metanálisis de los resultados de los estudios anteriores y de los resultados de programas de screening en marcha. Se hace un análisis de los efectos del screening en la reducción de la mortalidad por cáncer mamario, se discuten las controversias existentes y se analizan los acontecimientos considerados como efectos adversos del screening: falsos positivos, sobrediagnóstico y exposición a los rayos X. La evidencia analizada indica que el screening mamográfico del cáncer de mama está justificado ya que se comprueba su eficacia en la reducción de la mortalidad por esta enfermedad y además el beneficio supera ampliamente al riesgo de los eventuales efectos adversos. (MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(1):51-8).
Referencias
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2. Lee C, Dershaw D, Kopans D, Evans P, Monsees B, Monticciolo D, Brenner J, Bassett L, Berg.
3. W, Feig S, Hendrick E, Mendelson H, D’Orsi C, Sickles E, Warren Burhenne L: Breast Cancer.
4. Screening With Imaging: Recommendations From the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the Use of Mammography, BreastMRI, Breast Ultrasound, and Other Technologies for the Detection of Clinically Occult Breast Cancer. J Am Coll Radiol 2010;7:18-27.
3. American College of Radiology. ACR Practice guideline for the performance of screening and diagnostic mammography. www.acr.org.
4. American Cancer Society. Guía detallada: cáncer de seno. www.cancer.org/espanol/cancer/cancerdeseno.
5. National Cancer Institute. Screening and testing to detect cancer: Breast cancer. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/screening/breast.
6. American College of surgeons. College supports American Cancer Society screening mammography guidelines. www.facs.org/fellows_info/bulletin/2010/mammo0110.pdf.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. Interpreting the US Preventive Task Force breast cancer screening. Recommendations for the general population. www.acog.org
8. Saslow D, Boeter C, Burke W, et al.: American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunt to mammography. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2007;57; 75-89.
9. Aguirre B: Controversias sobre el beneficio y daños del screening mamográfico para el cáncer demama. Rev. Med. Clin. Condes. 2013; 24(1) 116-121.
10. Shapiro S: Periodic screening for breast cancer: the HIP randomized controlled trial. Health Insurance Plan. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1997; 22: 27-30.
11. Andersson I, Aspergren K, Janzon L et al.: Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmö mammographic screening trial. BMJ 1988; 297: 943-948.
12. Andersson I, Janzon L: Reduced Breast Cancer Mortality in Women Under Age 50: Updated Results From the Malmö Mammographic Screening Program. JNCI Monographs 1997; 22: 63-67.
13. Tabar L., Vitak B., Hsiu-His Chen: Swedish Two-County Trial: Impact of Mammographic Screening on Breast Cancer Mortality during 3 Decades. Radiology 2011; 260(3): 658-663.
14. Alexander F, Anderson T, Brown H et al.: 14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening. Lancet 1999; 353: 1903-1908.
15. Miller A, To T, Baines C et al.: The Canadian national breast screening study-1: breast cancer mortality after 11 to 16 years of follow-up. Ann Int Med 2002; 137: 305-312.
16. Miller A, To T, Baines C et al.:Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-Year Results of a Randomized Trial in Women Aged 50–59 Years. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1490-1499.
17. Frisell J, Lidbrink E, Hellström L et al.: Followup after 11 years-update of mortality results in the Stockholm mammographic screening trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1997; 45: 263-270.
18. Bjurstam N, Björneld L, Warwick J: The Gothenburg breast screening trial. Cancer 2003; 97(10): 2387-2396.
19. Kopans DB: Screening del cáncer de mama. En: La mama en imagen. Marban. 2ºed. 1999: 55-100.
20. Kopans DB, Feig S: The Canadian National breast screening study: a critical review. AJR 1993; 161: 755-760.
21. Baines C, Miller A, Kopans DB: Canadian national breast study: assessment of technical quality by external review. AJR 1990;155:743-747.
22. Nyström L, Rutquist LE, Wall S, et al.: Breast cancer screening with mammography: overview of Swedish randomized trials. Lancet 1993; 341(8851): 973-978.
23. Nyström L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N et al.: Long-term effects of mammography screening: updated overview of the Swedish randomized trials. Lancet 2002; 359(9310): 909-919.
24. Hendrick RE, Smith RA, Rutledge J: Benefit of screening mammography in women aged 40-49: a new meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Natl Cancer Inst Monog 1997; 22: 87-92.
25. Hellquist BN, Duffy SW, Abdsaleh S, et al.: Effectiveness of population-based service screening with mammography for women ages 40 to 49 years: evaluation of the Swedish Mammography Screening in young women cohort. Cancer 2011; 117:714-22.
26. Independent U.K. panel of breast cancer screening: The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: and independent review. Lancet 2012; 380: 1778-1786.
27. EUROSCREEN working group: Summary of the evidence of breast cancer service screening outcomes in Europe and first estimate of the benefit and harm balance sheet. J. Med. Screen 2012; 19(suppl 1): 5-13.
28. Malmgren JA, Parikh VP, Attwood MK, Kaplan HG.: Impact of mammography detection on the course of breast cancer in women aged 40-49 years. Radiology 2012;262: 797-806.
29. Webb M, Cady B, Michaelson J, et al.: A Failure Analysis of Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancer 2013; apr 22: 1-8.
30. Olsen O, Gøtzsche P: Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable?. Lancet 2000; 355; 129-134.
31. Olsen O, Gøtzsche P:Cochrane review on screening for breast cancer with mammography. Lancet 2001; 358: 1340-1342.
32. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009; 151: 716-726.
33. Nelson H, Tyne K, Nalk A, et al.: Screening for breast cancer: an update for de U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009; 151: 727-737.
34. Gøtzsche P C, Nielsen M: Screening for breast cancer with mammography. C ochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.C D001877.pub4
35. Duffy S, Hsiu-His Chen T, Smith R: Real and artificial controversies in brest cancer screening. Breast Cancer Manage. 2013; 2(6): 519-528.
36. Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Sox HC, Fischhorf B, Welch HG: US women’s attitudes to false positive mammography results and detection of ductal carcinoma in situ: cross sectional survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1635-40.
37. Bleyer A, Welch G: Effect of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast-Cancer Incidence. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1998-2005.
38. Kalager M, Adami H, Bretthauer M: Overdiagnosis of Invasive Breast Cancer Due to Mammography Screening: Results From the Norwegian Screening Program. Ann Int Med 2012; 156(7): 491-499.
39. Jorgensen K: Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends. BMJ 2009; 339: b2587.
40. Puliti D, Duffy S,Miccinesi G, Koning H, Lynge E, Zappa M, Paci E and the EUROSCREEN Working Group. Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a Literature review. J Med Screen 2012;19(1)1:42–56.
41. Duffy S, Parmar D: Overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening: the importance of long term observation and lead time. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15: R41.
42. Seguridad de la radiografía. www.Radiologyinfo.org ACR-RSNA. 2011.
43. Yaffe M , Mainprize J: Risk of Radiation-induced Breast Cancer from Mammographic Screening. Radiology 2011; 258(1): 98-105.
44. Feig S, Hendrick R: Radiation Risk From Screening Mammography of Women Aged 40–49 Years. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1997; 22(22): 119-124.
45. Karssemeijer N, Bluekens A, Beijerinck D: Breast Cancer Screening Results 5 Years after Introduction of Digital Mammography in a population based Screening Program. Radiology 2009; 253(2):353-358.
46. Vinnicombe S, Snehal S, Pinto Pereira M: Full-Field Digital versus Screen-Film Mammography: Comparison within the UK Breast Screening Program and Systematic Review of Published Data. Radiology 2009; 251(2): 348-358.
47. Sechopoulos I,Hendrick R:Mammography and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer.AJR 2012;198(3): 705 – 707.
2. Lee C, Dershaw D, Kopans D, Evans P, Monsees B, Monticciolo D, Brenner J, Bassett L, Berg.
3. W, Feig S, Hendrick E, Mendelson H, D’Orsi C, Sickles E, Warren Burhenne L: Breast Cancer.
4. Screening With Imaging: Recommendations From the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the Use of Mammography, BreastMRI, Breast Ultrasound, and Other Technologies for the Detection of Clinically Occult Breast Cancer. J Am Coll Radiol 2010;7:18-27.
3. American College of Radiology. ACR Practice guideline for the performance of screening and diagnostic mammography. www.acr.org.
4. American Cancer Society. Guía detallada: cáncer de seno. www.cancer.org/espanol/cancer/cancerdeseno.
5. National Cancer Institute. Screening and testing to detect cancer: Breast cancer. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/screening/breast.
6. American College of surgeons. College supports American Cancer Society screening mammography guidelines. www.facs.org/fellows_info/bulletin/2010/mammo0110.pdf.
7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. Interpreting the US Preventive Task Force breast cancer screening. Recommendations for the general population. www.acog.org
8. Saslow D, Boeter C, Burke W, et al.: American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunt to mammography. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2007;57; 75-89.
9. Aguirre B: Controversias sobre el beneficio y daños del screening mamográfico para el cáncer demama. Rev. Med. Clin. Condes. 2013; 24(1) 116-121.
10. Shapiro S: Periodic screening for breast cancer: the HIP randomized controlled trial. Health Insurance Plan. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1997; 22: 27-30.
11. Andersson I, Aspergren K, Janzon L et al.: Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmö mammographic screening trial. BMJ 1988; 297: 943-948.
12. Andersson I, Janzon L: Reduced Breast Cancer Mortality in Women Under Age 50: Updated Results From the Malmö Mammographic Screening Program. JNCI Monographs 1997; 22: 63-67.
13. Tabar L., Vitak B., Hsiu-His Chen: Swedish Two-County Trial: Impact of Mammographic Screening on Breast Cancer Mortality during 3 Decades. Radiology 2011; 260(3): 658-663.
14. Alexander F, Anderson T, Brown H et al.: 14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening. Lancet 1999; 353: 1903-1908.
15. Miller A, To T, Baines C et al.: The Canadian national breast screening study-1: breast cancer mortality after 11 to 16 years of follow-up. Ann Int Med 2002; 137: 305-312.
16. Miller A, To T, Baines C et al.:Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-Year Results of a Randomized Trial in Women Aged 50–59 Years. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1490-1499.
17. Frisell J, Lidbrink E, Hellström L et al.: Followup after 11 years-update of mortality results in the Stockholm mammographic screening trial. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 1997; 45: 263-270.
18. Bjurstam N, Björneld L, Warwick J: The Gothenburg breast screening trial. Cancer 2003; 97(10): 2387-2396.
19. Kopans DB: Screening del cáncer de mama. En: La mama en imagen. Marban. 2ºed. 1999: 55-100.
20. Kopans DB, Feig S: The Canadian National breast screening study: a critical review. AJR 1993; 161: 755-760.
21. Baines C, Miller A, Kopans DB: Canadian national breast study: assessment of technical quality by external review. AJR 1990;155:743-747.
22. Nyström L, Rutquist LE, Wall S, et al.: Breast cancer screening with mammography: overview of Swedish randomized trials. Lancet 1993; 341(8851): 973-978.
23. Nyström L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N et al.: Long-term effects of mammography screening: updated overview of the Swedish randomized trials. Lancet 2002; 359(9310): 909-919.
24. Hendrick RE, Smith RA, Rutledge J: Benefit of screening mammography in women aged 40-49: a new meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Natl Cancer Inst Monog 1997; 22: 87-92.
25. Hellquist BN, Duffy SW, Abdsaleh S, et al.: Effectiveness of population-based service screening with mammography for women ages 40 to 49 years: evaluation of the Swedish Mammography Screening in young women cohort. Cancer 2011; 117:714-22.
26. Independent U.K. panel of breast cancer screening: The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: and independent review. Lancet 2012; 380: 1778-1786.
27. EUROSCREEN working group: Summary of the evidence of breast cancer service screening outcomes in Europe and first estimate of the benefit and harm balance sheet. J. Med. Screen 2012; 19(suppl 1): 5-13.
28. Malmgren JA, Parikh VP, Attwood MK, Kaplan HG.: Impact of mammography detection on the course of breast cancer in women aged 40-49 years. Radiology 2012;262: 797-806.
29. Webb M, Cady B, Michaelson J, et al.: A Failure Analysis of Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancer 2013; apr 22: 1-8.
30. Olsen O, Gøtzsche P: Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable?. Lancet 2000; 355; 129-134.
31. Olsen O, Gøtzsche P:Cochrane review on screening for breast cancer with mammography. Lancet 2001; 358: 1340-1342.
32. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009; 151: 716-726.
33. Nelson H, Tyne K, Nalk A, et al.: Screening for breast cancer: an update for de U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009; 151: 727-737.
34. Gøtzsche P C, Nielsen M: Screening for breast cancer with mammography. C ochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.C D001877.pub4
35. Duffy S, Hsiu-His Chen T, Smith R: Real and artificial controversies in brest cancer screening. Breast Cancer Manage. 2013; 2(6): 519-528.
36. Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, Sox HC, Fischhorf B, Welch HG: US women’s attitudes to false positive mammography results and detection of ductal carcinoma in situ: cross sectional survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1635-40.
37. Bleyer A, Welch G: Effect of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast-Cancer Incidence. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1998-2005.
38. Kalager M, Adami H, Bretthauer M: Overdiagnosis of Invasive Breast Cancer Due to Mammography Screening: Results From the Norwegian Screening Program. Ann Int Med 2012; 156(7): 491-499.
39. Jorgensen K: Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: systematic review of incidence trends. BMJ 2009; 339: b2587.
40. Puliti D, Duffy S,Miccinesi G, Koning H, Lynge E, Zappa M, Paci E and the EUROSCREEN Working Group. Overdiagnosis in mammographic screening for breast cancer in Europe: a Literature review. J Med Screen 2012;19(1)1:42–56.
41. Duffy S, Parmar D: Overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening: the importance of long term observation and lead time. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15: R41.
42. Seguridad de la radiografía. www.Radiologyinfo.org ACR-RSNA. 2011.
43. Yaffe M , Mainprize J: Risk of Radiation-induced Breast Cancer from Mammographic Screening. Radiology 2011; 258(1): 98-105.
44. Feig S, Hendrick R: Radiation Risk From Screening Mammography of Women Aged 40–49 Years. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1997; 22(22): 119-124.
45. Karssemeijer N, Bluekens A, Beijerinck D: Breast Cancer Screening Results 5 Years after Introduction of Digital Mammography in a population based Screening Program. Radiology 2009; 253(2):353-358.
46. Vinnicombe S, Snehal S, Pinto Pereira M: Full-Field Digital versus Screen-Film Mammography: Comparison within the UK Breast Screening Program and Systematic Review of Published Data. Radiology 2009; 251(2): 348-358.
47. Sechopoulos I,Hendrick R:Mammography and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer.AJR 2012;198(3): 705 – 707.
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