Resumen
La pandemia de COVID-19 es un reto enorme para la salud pública y la economía mundial; también es un reto mayor para la salud mental, siendo uno de los grupos potencialmente más afectados el personal de salud. Uno de los efectos que ya se observa entre los trabajadores de este grupo ocupacional es el síndrome de burnout. En este artículo se revisa el origen del síndrome de burnout entre el personal sanitario, su importancia en el contexto de la pandemia y se proponen estrategias para disminuir o controlar su ocurrencia.
Referencias
1. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/.
2. Figueras J, Musgrove P, Carrin G, Durán A. Retos para los sistemas sanitarios de Latinoamérica: Qué puede aprenderse de la experiencia europea? Gac Sanit. 2002; doi: 10.1016/S0213-9111(02)71628-2
3. Vargas I, Vázquez ML, Jané E. Equidad y reformas de los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica. Cad Saude Publica. Epub ahead of print 2002. doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000400003
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6. Birhanu M, Gebrekidan B, Tesefa G, Tareke M. Workload determines workplace stress among health professionals working in felege-hiwot referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2018; doi: 10.1155/2018/6286010
7. Bourbonnais R, Brisson C, Vézina M. Long-term effects of an intervention on psychosocial work factors among healthcare professionals in a hospital setting. Occup Environ Med. 2011; 68(7): 479-486. doi: 10.1136/oem.2010.055202
8. Lavoie-Tremblay M, Sounan C, Lavigne GL, Bonin JP, Lesage AD, Denis P, et al. The psychosocial work environment and evidence utilization by health professionals. Can J Nurs Res. 2008; 40(4): 112-129.
9. Arnetz BB. Psychosocial challenges facing physicians of today. Soc Sci Med. 2001; 42(2): 203- 213. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00220-3
10. Rogers AE, Hwang WT, Scott LD, et al. The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety. Health Aff. 2004; 23(4): 202-212. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.202
11. Juárez-garcía A. Factores psicosociales, estrés y salud en distintas ocupaciones: un estudio exploratorio. Investig en Salud 2007; 9: 57-64.
12. Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Frente a la pandemia: garantizar la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/ documents/publication/wcms_742732.pdf.
13. Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL. Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on health care workers. CMAJ. 2020; doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200519
14. Tsamakis K, Rizos E, Manolis A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals. Exp Ther Med. 2020. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8646
15. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw open. 2020; 3(3): e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
16. El-Hage W, Hingray C, Lemogne C, Yrondi A, Brunault P, Bienvenu T, et al. Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks? Encephale. 2020; 46: S73-S80.
17. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
18. Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, Di Lorezo G, Di Marco A, Siracusano A, et al. Mental health outcomes among front and second line health workers associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. medRxiv. 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067801
19. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo L, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med. 2020; doi: 10.7326/m20-1083
20. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; doi: 10.1016/ S2215-0366(20)30078-X
21. Toribio L. Coronavirus: ‘Personal de salud se siente en riesgo’: encuesta de la UNAM. Excelsior, https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/personal-de-salud-se-siente-en-riesgo-encuesta-de-la-unam/1387526.
22. Morelos C de DH del E de. Encuesta para el personal de salud de Morelos. Cuernavaca, 2018.
23. Juárez-García A. Burnout en profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia. En: Ciclo de video-conferencias: Estrategias de acción para el bienestar psicosocial en tiempos de COVID-19. Centro de Investigación Transidsicplinar en Psicología- UAEM. 2020.
24. World Health Organization. WHO | Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases, https://www.who.int/ mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/
25. Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. En: Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis, 1993, pp. 19-32.
26. Büssing A, Glaser J. Four-stage process model of the core factors of burnout: The role of work stressors and work-related resources. Work Stress 2000; 14: 329-346.
27. Leiter MP, Maslach C. Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience. Burn Res 2016; 3: 89-100.
28. Russell JA. A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol. Epub ahead of print 1980. doi: 10.1037/ h0077714
29. Bakker AB, Oerlemans WGM. Subjective Well-being in Organizations. En: The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. 2012; doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0014
30. World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization, https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who. int/icd/entity/129180281
31. Juarez Garcia A. Entrevista Con Christina Maslach: Reflexiones sobre el síndrome de burnout. Lib Rev Psicol.
32. 32. García AJ, Gil-Monte PR, Merino-Soto C, et al. From a polemic paradox to a proper perspective of job burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2019; doi: 10.3171/2018.10. JNS183014
33. Arias Galicia F, Juárez García A. Agotamiento profesional y estrés: hallazgos desde México y otros países latinoamericanos. México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
34. Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, et al. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE. 2017; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
35. Tsiga E, Panagopoulou E, Montgomery A. Examining the link between burnout and medical error: A checklist approach. Burn Res. Epub ahead of print 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.002
36. Halbesleben JRB, Rathert C. Linking physician burnout and patient outcomes. Health Care Manage Rev 2008; 33: 29-39.
37. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature. Epub ahead of print 1936. doi: 10.1038/138032a0
38. Vignolo Ballesteros J, Vacarezza Consani M, Álvarez Yunti C, et al. Niveles de atención, de prevención y atención primaria de la salud. Arch med interna.
39. Babaian J. The Pandemic’s 4th Wave | hcldr. Web Page, https://hcldr.wordpress.com/2020/04/07/the-pandemics-4th-wave/
40. Kancherla BS, Upender R, Collen JF, et al. Sleep, fatigue and burnout among physicians: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16: 803-805.
41. Sasangohar F, Jones SL, Masud FN, et al. Provider Burnout and Fatigue During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From a High-Volume Intensive Care Unit. Anesth Analg 2020; 131: 106-111.
42. Sultana A, Sharma R, Hossain MM, et al. Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19: Challenges and evidence-based interventions. Indian J Med Ethics 2020; 01-04.
43. Bradley M, Chahar P. Burnout of healthcare providers during COVID-19. Cleve Clin J Med. Epub ahead of print el 9 de julio de 2020. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc051.
44. Leiter MP, Maslach C. Areas of worklife: a structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. Res Occup Stress Well Being. 2003; 3: 91-134.
45. LaMontagne AD, Keegel T, Louie AM, et al. A systematic review of the job-stress intervention evaluation literature, 1990-2005. International J Occup Environm Health 2007; 13: 268-280.
46. Fessell D, Cherniss C. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Beyond: Micropractices for Burnout Prevention and Emotional Wellness. J Am College Radiol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j. jacr.2020.03.013.
47. Lozano-Vargas A. Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China. Rev Neuropsiquiatr. 2020; doi: 10.20453/ rnp.v83i1.3687
48. Ornell F, Halpern SC, Paim Kessler FH, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad Saude Publica. 2020; 36: 63520.
49. The Lancet. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. The Lancet 2020; 395: 922.
2. Figueras J, Musgrove P, Carrin G, Durán A. Retos para los sistemas sanitarios de Latinoamérica: Qué puede aprenderse de la experiencia europea? Gac Sanit. 2002; doi: 10.1016/S0213-9111(02)71628-2
3. Vargas I, Vázquez ML, Jané E. Equidad y reformas de los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica. Cad Saude Publica. Epub ahead of print 2002. doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000400003
4. UN (United Nations). Policy Brief : COVID-19 and the Need for Action on Mental Health EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 2020; https://www.un.org/sites/un2. un.org/files/un_policy_brief-covid_and_mental_ health_final.pdf.
5. World health Organization. Substantial investment needed to avert mental health crisis. Who.Int 2020; 5-7.
6. Birhanu M, Gebrekidan B, Tesefa G, Tareke M. Workload determines workplace stress among health professionals working in felege-hiwot referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2018; doi: 10.1155/2018/6286010
7. Bourbonnais R, Brisson C, Vézina M. Long-term effects of an intervention on psychosocial work factors among healthcare professionals in a hospital setting. Occup Environ Med. 2011; 68(7): 479-486. doi: 10.1136/oem.2010.055202
8. Lavoie-Tremblay M, Sounan C, Lavigne GL, Bonin JP, Lesage AD, Denis P, et al. The psychosocial work environment and evidence utilization by health professionals. Can J Nurs Res. 2008; 40(4): 112-129.
9. Arnetz BB. Psychosocial challenges facing physicians of today. Soc Sci Med. 2001; 42(2): 203- 213. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00220-3
10. Rogers AE, Hwang WT, Scott LD, et al. The working hours of hospital staff nurses and patient safety. Health Aff. 2004; 23(4): 202-212. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.23.4.202
11. Juárez-garcía A. Factores psicosociales, estrés y salud en distintas ocupaciones: un estudio exploratorio. Investig en Salud 2007; 9: 57-64.
12. Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Frente a la pandemia: garantizar la seguridad y salud en el trabajo, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---safework/ documents/publication/wcms_742732.pdf.
13. Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL. Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on health care workers. CMAJ. 2020; doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200519
14. Tsamakis K, Rizos E, Manolis A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on mental health of healthcare professionals. Exp Ther Med. 2020. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.8646
15. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw open. 2020; 3(3): e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
16. El-Hage W, Hingray C, Lemogne C, Yrondi A, Brunault P, Bienvenu T, et al. Health professionals facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: What are the mental health risks? Encephale. 2020; 46: S73-S80.
17. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
18. Rossi R, Socci V, Pacitti F, Di Lorezo G, Di Marco A, Siracusano A, et al. Mental health outcomes among front and second line health workers associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. medRxiv. 2020; doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067801
19. Tan BYQ, Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Jing M, Goh Y, Yeo L, et al. Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on health care workers in Singapore. Ann Intern Med. 2020; doi: 10.7326/m20-1083
20. Chen Q, Liang M, Li Y, et al. Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; doi: 10.1016/ S2215-0366(20)30078-X
21. Toribio L. Coronavirus: ‘Personal de salud se siente en riesgo’: encuesta de la UNAM. Excelsior, https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/personal-de-salud-se-siente-en-riesgo-encuesta-de-la-unam/1387526.
22. Morelos C de DH del E de. Encuesta para el personal de salud de Morelos. Cuernavaca, 2018.
23. Juárez-García A. Burnout en profesionales de la salud durante la pandemia. En: Ciclo de video-conferencias: Estrategias de acción para el bienestar psicosocial en tiempos de COVID-19. Centro de Investigación Transidsicplinar en Psicología- UAEM. 2020.
24. World Health Organization. WHO | Burn-out an “occupational phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases, https://www.who.int/ mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/
25. Maslach C. Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. En: Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor & Francis, 1993, pp. 19-32.
26. Büssing A, Glaser J. Four-stage process model of the core factors of burnout: The role of work stressors and work-related resources. Work Stress 2000; 14: 329-346.
27. Leiter MP, Maslach C. Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience. Burn Res 2016; 3: 89-100.
28. Russell JA. A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol. Epub ahead of print 1980. doi: 10.1037/ h0077714
29. Bakker AB, Oerlemans WGM. Subjective Well-being in Organizations. En: The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. 2012; doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0014
30. World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) - Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. World Health Organization, https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who. int/icd/entity/129180281
31. Juarez Garcia A. Entrevista Con Christina Maslach: Reflexiones sobre el síndrome de burnout. Lib Rev Psicol.
32. 32. García AJ, Gil-Monte PR, Merino-Soto C, et al. From a polemic paradox to a proper perspective of job burnout and job satisfaction. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2019; doi: 10.3171/2018.10. JNS183014
33. Arias Galicia F, Juárez García A. Agotamiento profesional y estrés: hallazgos desde México y otros países latinoamericanos. México: Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
34. Salvagioni DAJ, Melanda FN, Mesas AE, et al. Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE. 2017; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
35. Tsiga E, Panagopoulou E, Montgomery A. Examining the link between burnout and medical error: A checklist approach. Burn Res. Epub ahead of print 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.burn.2017.02.002
36. Halbesleben JRB, Rathert C. Linking physician burnout and patient outcomes. Health Care Manage Rev 2008; 33: 29-39.
37. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature. Epub ahead of print 1936. doi: 10.1038/138032a0
38. Vignolo Ballesteros J, Vacarezza Consani M, Álvarez Yunti C, et al. Niveles de atención, de prevención y atención primaria de la salud. Arch med interna.
39. Babaian J. The Pandemic’s 4th Wave | hcldr. Web Page, https://hcldr.wordpress.com/2020/04/07/the-pandemics-4th-wave/
40. Kancherla BS, Upender R, Collen JF, et al. Sleep, fatigue and burnout among physicians: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement. J Clin Sleep Med 2020; 16: 803-805.
41. Sasangohar F, Jones SL, Masud FN, et al. Provider Burnout and Fatigue During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned From a High-Volume Intensive Care Unit. Anesth Analg 2020; 131: 106-111.
42. Sultana A, Sharma R, Hossain MM, et al. Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19: Challenges and evidence-based interventions. Indian J Med Ethics 2020; 01-04.
43. Bradley M, Chahar P. Burnout of healthcare providers during COVID-19. Cleve Clin J Med. Epub ahead of print el 9 de julio de 2020. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc051.
44. Leiter MP, Maslach C. Areas of worklife: a structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout. Res Occup Stress Well Being. 2003; 3: 91-134.
45. LaMontagne AD, Keegel T, Louie AM, et al. A systematic review of the job-stress intervention evaluation literature, 1990-2005. International J Occup Environm Health 2007; 13: 268-280.
46. Fessell D, Cherniss C. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Beyond: Micropractices for Burnout Prevention and Emotional Wellness. J Am College Radiol. 2020; doi: 10.1016/j. jacr.2020.03.013.
47. Lozano-Vargas A. Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China. Rev Neuropsiquiatr. 2020; doi: 10.20453/ rnp.v83i1.3687
48. Ornell F, Halpern SC, Paim Kessler FH, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad Saude Publica. 2020; 36: 63520.
49. The Lancet. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. The Lancet 2020; 395: 922.
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