Abstract
Introduction: Dry eye syndrome is a disease in which signs and symptoms that lead to prolonged ocular alterations occur, therefore, it is relevant to accurately establish the etiology of the disease with the configuration of establishing the most effective treatment, hence the development of innovative exams such as biomarkers selected with greater precision the clinical picture. For this reason, the present work aims to describe the main advances of biomarkers of the ocular surface and to recognize their clinical application for the diagnosis of dry eye between 2013 and 2018. Metodology: Literature on biomarkers used for the diagnosis of dry eye was analyzed, by means of a systematic narrative review from 2013 to 2018 by means of the controlled descriptors “Dry Eye Syndrome” “biomarkers” “tear proteins” “eye proteins” selected in DeCS and Pubmed; The search yielded 120 studies and 35 studies were selected for the analysis. Results: There are several tear proteins that can be related to the presence and absence of the disease, it is vital that biomarkers are evaluated as an alternative tool to easily and accurately diagnose dry eye disease. Discussion: Biomarkers allow to recognize the pathogenic and biological processes of dry eye syndrome, reflecting the state of the ocular surface in the presence or absence of signs and symptoms, facilitating early diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and control of the disease.
References
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3. Ahn JM, Lee SH, Rim THT, Park RJ, Yang HS, Kim T, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with dry eye: The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2010-2011. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 158(6):1205-1214.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.021.
4. Jie Y, Xu L, Wu YY, Jonas JB. Prevalence of dry eye among adult Chinese in the Beijing Eye Study. Eye (Lond). 2008; 23(3), 688-693. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6703101.
5. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Flórez H, Carter D, Bozorgmehr P, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011; 152(3): 377-384.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.026.
6. López-Rubio S, de Alba-Castilla MA, Rodríguez-García A. Prevalencia de manifestaciones oftalmológicas en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología. 2012; 86(4): 240-249.
7. Uchino M, Yokoi N, Uchino Y, Dogur M, Kawashima M, Komuro A, et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors in visual display terminal users: the Osaka Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013; 156(4): 759-733. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.040.
8. Ginés JC. Síndrome del ojo seco. Rev Paraguay Reumatol. 2015; 1(1): 49-55.
9. Cho YK, Kim MS. Dry eye after cataract surgery and associated intraoperative risk factors. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2009; 23(2): 65-73. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2009.23.2.65.
10. Özkurt H, Özkurt YB, Basak M. Is dry eye syndrome a work-related disease among radiologists? Diagn Interv Radiol, 2006; 12(4): 163-165.
11. Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2014; 2014: 748654. doi: 10.1155/2014/748654.
11. Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2014; 2014: 748654. doi: 10.1155/2014/748654.
12. Boehm N, Funke S, Wiegand M, Wehrwein N, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Alterations in the tear proteome of dry eye patients--a matter of the clinical phenotype. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013; 54(3): 2385-2392. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8751.
13. Lanzini M, Curcio C, Colabelli-Gisoldi RA, Mastropasqua A, Calienno R, Agnifili L,et al. In vivo and impression cytology study on the effect of compatible solutes eye drops on the ocular surface epithelial cell quality in dry eye patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2015. 2015: 351424. doi: 10.1155/2015/351424.
14. Schein, O, et al. Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly: a population based perspective.”Ophthalmology 1997; 104.9: 1395-1401.
15. Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are biomarkers?. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010; 5(6): 463-466. doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177.
16. Mayeux R. Biomarkers: potential uses and limitations. NeuroRx. 2004; 1(2): 182-188. doi: 10.1602/neurorx.1.2.182.
17. Deschamps N, Baudouin C. Dry Eye and Biomarkers: present and future. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2013; 1: 65-74.
18. Pentyala S, Muller J, Tumillo T, Roy A, Mysore P, Pentyala S. A novel point-of-care biomarker recognition method: validation by detecting marker for diabetic nephropathy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2015; 5(2): 177-188. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics5020177.
19. Medina M. Generalidades de las pruebas diagnósticas, y su utilidad en la toma de decisiones médicas”. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011; 40(4): 787-797.
20. Hagan S, Martin E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J. 2016;7(1):15.
21. Foulks GN, Pflugfelder SC. New testing options for diagnosing and grading dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 157(6): 1122-1129. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.03.002.
22. Bökenkamp A, Franke I, Schlieber M, Düker G, Schmitt J, Buderus S, et al. Beta-trace protein--a marker of kidney function in children: Original
research communication-clinical investigation. Clin Biochem. 2007; 40(13-14): 969-975. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.003.
23. Zhou L, Beuerman RW. Tear analysis in ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012; 31(6): 527-550. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.002.
24. Mii S, Nakamura K, Takeo K, Kurimoto S. Analysis of human tear proteins by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 1992;13(1), 379-382. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150130177.
25. Glasson M, Molloy M, Walsh B, Willcox M, Morris C, Williams K. Development of mini-gel technology in two-dimensional electrophoresis for mass-screening of samples: application to
tears. Electrophoresis. 1998; 19(5): 852-855. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150190541.
26. Baier G, Wollensak G, Mur E, Redl B, Stoffler G, Gottinger W. Analysis of human tear proteins by different high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques. J Chromatography. 1990; 525: 319-328. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)83408-8.
27. Zeev MS, Miller DD, Latkany R. Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014; 8: 581-590. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S45444.
28. Amur S, LaVange L, Zineh I, Buckman-Garner S, Woodcock J. Biomarker Qualification: Toward a multiple stakeholder framework for biomarker development, regulatory acceptance, and utilization. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 98(1): 34-46. doi: 10.1002/cpt.136.
29. Versura P, Bavelloni A, Grillini M, Fresina M, Campos EC. Diagnostic performance of a tear protein panel in early dry eye. Mol Vis. 2013; 19: 1247-1257.
30. Hohenstein-Blaul NT, Funke S, Grus FH. Tears as a source of biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases. Exp Eye Res. 2013; 117: 126-137. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.015.
31. Pinto-Fraga J, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, Calonge M, González-García MJ, López-Miguel A, Lópezde la Rosa A. Severity, therapeutic, and activity tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: An analysis from a phase III clinical trial. Ocul Surf. 2018; 16(3): 368-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.05.001.
32. Uchino Y, Mauris J, Woodward AM, Dieckow J, Amparo F, Dana R, et al. Alteration of galectin-3 in tears of patients with dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015; 159(6): 1027-1035.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.02.008.
33. Brignole F, Riancho L, Ismail D, Deniaud M, Amrane M, Baudouin C. Correlation between the inflammatory marker HLA-DR and signs
and symptoms in moderate to severe dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(4): 2438-2448. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-16555.
34. Jackson DC, Zeng W, Wong CY, Mifsud EJ, Williamson NA, Ang C, et al. Tear interferongamma as a biomarker for evaporative dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016; 57(11):
4824-4830. doi: 10.1167/iovs.16-19757.
35. Grosskreutz CL, Hockey HU, Serra D, Dryja TP. Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms Persist During Systemic Neutralization of IL-1β by Canakinumab or IL-17A by Secukinumab. Cornea. 2015; 34(12): 1551–1556. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000627.
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