Resumen
Introducción: El síndrome de ojo seco es una enfermedad en la que se generan signos y síntomas que conducen a alteraciones oculares prolongadas, por lo tanto, es relevante establecer con precisión la etiología de la enfermedad con la finalidad de establecer el tratamiento más efectivo, de allí, la importancia del desarrollo de exámenes innovadores como son los biomarcadores, los cuales permiten identificar con mayor precisión el cuadro clínico. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo pretende describir los principales avances de los biomarcadores de la superficie ocular y reconocer su aplicación clínica para el diagnóstico de ojo seco entre los años 2013 a 2018. Metodología: Se analizó literatura sobre biomarcadores empleados para el diagnóstico del ojo seco, mediante una revisión sistemática tipo narrativa de 2013 a 2018 por medio de los descriptores controlados “Dry Eye Syndrome” “biomarkers” “tear proteins” “eye proteins” seleccionados en DeCS y Pubmed; la búsqueda arrojó 120 estudios, de los cuales seleccionamos 35 para el análisis. Resultados: Son diversas las proteínas lagrimales que pueden ser relacionadas con la presencia y ausencia de la enfermedad, es vital que los biomarcadores sean valorados como una herramienta alternativa para diagnosticar con facilidad y precisión la enfermedad del ojo seco. Discusión: Los biomarcadores permiten reconocer los procesos patógenos y biológicos del síndrome de ojo seco, al reflejar el estado de la superficie ocular en presencia o ausencia de signos y síntomas, facilitando el diagnóstico precoz, seguimiento, tratamiento y control de la enfermedad.
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2. Craig JP, Nelso JD, Azar DT, Belmonte C, Bron AJ, Chauhan SK, et al. TFOS DEWS II Report executive summary. Ocul Surf. 2017; 15(4): 802-812. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.08.003.
3. Ahn JM, Lee SH, Rim THT, Park RJ, Yang HS, Kim T, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors associated with dry eye: The Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2010-2011. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 158(6):1205-1214.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.08.021.
4. Jie Y, Xu L, Wu YY, Jonas JB. Prevalence of dry eye among adult Chinese in the Beijing Eye Study. Eye (Lond). 2008; 23(3), 688-693. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6703101.
5. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Flórez H, Carter D, Bozorgmehr P, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011; 152(3): 377-384.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.02.026.
6. López-Rubio S, de Alba-Castilla MA, Rodríguez-García A. Prevalencia de manifestaciones oftalmológicas en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Revista Mexicana de Oftalmología. 2012; 86(4): 240-249.
7. Uchino M, Yokoi N, Uchino Y, Dogur M, Kawashima M, Komuro A, et al. Prevalence of dry eye disease and its risk factors in visual display terminal users: the Osaka Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2013; 156(4): 759-733. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.05.040.
8. Ginés JC. Síndrome del ojo seco. Rev Paraguay Reumatol. 2015; 1(1): 49-55.
9. Cho YK, Kim MS. Dry eye after cataract surgery and associated intraoperative risk factors. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2009; 23(2): 65-73. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2009.23.2.65.
10. Özkurt H, Özkurt YB, Basak M. Is dry eye syndrome a work-related disease among radiologists? Diagn Interv Radiol, 2006; 12(4): 163-165.
11. Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2014; 2014: 748654. doi: 10.1155/2014/748654.
11. Liu NN, Liu L, Li J, Sun YZ. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye symptom in mainland china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ophthalmol. 2014; 2014: 748654. doi: 10.1155/2014/748654.
12. Boehm N, Funke S, Wiegand M, Wehrwein N, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Alterations in the tear proteome of dry eye patients--a matter of the clinical phenotype. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013; 54(3): 2385-2392. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8751.
13. Lanzini M, Curcio C, Colabelli-Gisoldi RA, Mastropasqua A, Calienno R, Agnifili L,et al. In vivo and impression cytology study on the effect of compatible solutes eye drops on the ocular surface epithelial cell quality in dry eye patients. Mediators Inflamm. 2015. 2015: 351424. doi: 10.1155/2015/351424.
14. Schein, O, et al. Relation between signs and symptoms of dry eye in the elderly: a population based perspective.”Ophthalmology 1997; 104.9: 1395-1401.
15. Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are biomarkers?. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010; 5(6): 463-466. doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e32833ed177.
16. Mayeux R. Biomarkers: potential uses and limitations. NeuroRx. 2004; 1(2): 182-188. doi: 10.1602/neurorx.1.2.182.
17. Deschamps N, Baudouin C. Dry Eye and Biomarkers: present and future. Curr Ophthalmol Rep. 2013; 1: 65-74.
18. Pentyala S, Muller J, Tumillo T, Roy A, Mysore P, Pentyala S. A novel point-of-care biomarker recognition method: validation by detecting marker for diabetic nephropathy. Diagnostics (Basel). 2015; 5(2): 177-188. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics5020177.
19. Medina M. Generalidades de las pruebas diagnósticas, y su utilidad en la toma de decisiones médicas”. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2011; 40(4): 787-797.
20. Hagan S, Martin E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J. 2016;7(1):15.
21. Foulks GN, Pflugfelder SC. New testing options for diagnosing and grading dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014; 157(6): 1122-1129. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.03.002.
22. Bökenkamp A, Franke I, Schlieber M, Düker G, Schmitt J, Buderus S, et al. Beta-trace protein--a marker of kidney function in children: Original
research communication-clinical investigation. Clin Biochem. 2007; 40(13-14): 969-975. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.003.
23. Zhou L, Beuerman RW. Tear analysis in ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012; 31(6): 527-550. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.002.
24. Mii S, Nakamura K, Takeo K, Kurimoto S. Analysis of human tear proteins by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 1992;13(1), 379-382. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150130177.
25. Glasson M, Molloy M, Walsh B, Willcox M, Morris C, Williams K. Development of mini-gel technology in two-dimensional electrophoresis for mass-screening of samples: application to
tears. Electrophoresis. 1998; 19(5): 852-855. doi: 10.1002/elps.1150190541.
26. Baier G, Wollensak G, Mur E, Redl B, Stoffler G, Gottinger W. Analysis of human tear proteins by different high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques. J Chromatography. 1990; 525: 319-328. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4347(00)83408-8.
27. Zeev MS, Miller DD, Latkany R. Diagnosis of dry eye disease and emerging technologies. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014; 8: 581-590. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S45444.
28. Amur S, LaVange L, Zineh I, Buckman-Garner S, Woodcock J. Biomarker Qualification: Toward a multiple stakeholder framework for biomarker development, regulatory acceptance, and utilization. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015; 98(1): 34-46. doi: 10.1002/cpt.136.
29. Versura P, Bavelloni A, Grillini M, Fresina M, Campos EC. Diagnostic performance of a tear protein panel in early dry eye. Mol Vis. 2013; 19: 1247-1257.
30. Hohenstein-Blaul NT, Funke S, Grus FH. Tears as a source of biomarkers for ocular and systemic diseases. Exp Eye Res. 2013; 117: 126-137. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.015.
31. Pinto-Fraga J, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, Calonge M, González-García MJ, López-Miguel A, Lópezde la Rosa A. Severity, therapeutic, and activity tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: An analysis from a phase III clinical trial. Ocul Surf. 2018; 16(3): 368-376. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.05.001.
32. Uchino Y, Mauris J, Woodward AM, Dieckow J, Amparo F, Dana R, et al. Alteration of galectin-3 in tears of patients with dry eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015; 159(6): 1027-1035.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.02.008.
33. Brignole F, Riancho L, Ismail D, Deniaud M, Amrane M, Baudouin C. Correlation between the inflammatory marker HLA-DR and signs
and symptoms in moderate to severe dry eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017; 58(4): 2438-2448. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-16555.
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