Resumen
Dos miradas antagónicas se identifican con respecto a los comportamientos y prácticas sociales relacionadas con salud. La primera destaca la capacidad que tienen los individuos de tomar decisiones racionales para prevenir y controlar la mayoría de las enfermedades. En este caso, la atención se centra en las motivaciones y comportamientos del sujeto, y en lo que comúnmente se denomina estilos de vida en salud. Este abordaje individual tiende a desestimar la relevancia de los contextos sociales en los que viven las personas, al asumir que los grupos humanos están conformados por sujetos solitarios que procuran sus intereses personales, en menoscabo de procesos de coordinación de una acción mediante acuerdos intersubjetivos. Desde este abordaje, los comportamientos de riesgo en salud se entienden como productos de decisiones voluntarias, sin considerar las circunstancias sociales. La segunda perspectiva asume, por el contrario, que los comportamientos humanos están determinados por estructuras sociales que les restringen su capacidad de agencia. Se plantea entonces una preeminencia de los andamiajes sociales por encima de los sujetos, postura que tiene similitudes con el funcionalismo sistémico y el estructuralismo sociológico, los cuales privilegian el uso de metáforas tomadas de la biología para explicar los procesos sociales.
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