Abstract
Quantitative measurement of illicit drugs in wastewater can provide objective information on community drug use patterns and trends. The presence of illicit drugs in treatment plants for wastewater and in the environment was analyzed by sewege epidemiology. It is a systematic review from 2008-2017 by means of the controlled descriptors: “illicit drugs”, “wastewater treatment plants” and “environment” performed on Medline databases via PubMed, SciELO, BVS via LILACS and Google Scholar. The search yielded 439 studies. 34 studies were selected for analysis. The years of publication varied, with 2016 being the highest of publications (ten), followed by 2014 and 2012 (five), 2017, 2013, 2010 (three), 2011 (two), 2015, 2009 and 2008 (one each). The results showed the presence of chemical indicators of the classic drugs cocaine and cannabis. Research on the presence of illicit drugs, particularly as active compounds in the environment, are vital to improve knowledge of the types consumed, its occurrence; being able to unfold to analyze the exposure and the impact of these compounds in the environment and public health. The results of this revision have highlighted that wastewater-based epidemiology is a useful and powerful approach.
References
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18. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castigliano S, Bagnati R, Fanelli R. Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008; 116(8): 1027-1032. doi. 10.1289/ehp.11022.
19. Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Chiabrando C, Grassi P, Fanelli R. Illicit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants. Water Res. 2008; 42(4-5): 961-868. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.010.
20. Gil MJ, Soto AM, Usma JI, Gutiérrez OD. Contaminantes emergentes en aguas, efectos y posibles tratamientos. Producc Limpia. 2012; 7(2): 52-73.
21. Tejada C, Quiñonez E, Peña M. Contaminantes emergentes en aguas: metabolitos de fármacos. una revisión. Rev Fac Cienc Básicas. 2014; 10(1): 80-101.
22. Castiglioni S, Thomas KV, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Vandam L, Griffiths P. Testing wastewater to detect illicit drugs: State of the art, potential and research needs. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 487: 613-620. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.034.
23. Castiglioni S, Bijlsma L, Covaci A, Emke E, Hernández F, Reid M, et al. Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers. Environ Sci Technol. 2013; 47(3): 1452-1460. doi: 10.1021/es302722f.
24. EMCDDA. Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. EMCDDA Insights 22. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2016. doi: 10.2810/017397.
25. Sampaio RF, Mancini MC. Estudos de revisão sistemática: um guia para síntese criteriosa da evidência científica. Braz J Phys Ther. 2007; 11(1): 83-89. doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552007000100013.
26. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6: e1000097.
27. Sodré FF, Souza GB, Feitosa RS, Pereira CEB, Maldaner AO. Illicit Drugs, Metabolites and adulterants in wastewater: monitoring community drug abuse in the Brazilian Federal District during the 2014 Soccer World Cup. J Braz Chem Soc. 2017; 28(11): 2146-2154. doi: 10.21577/0103-5053.20170063.
28. Thiebault T, Fougère L, Destandau E, Réty M, Jacob J. Temporal dynamics of human-excreted pollutants in wastewater treatment plant influents: Toward a better knowledge of mass load fluctuations. Sci Total Environ. 2017; 596-597: 246-255. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.130.
29. Zuccato E, Gracia-Lor E, Rousis NI, Parabiaghi A, Senta I, Riva F, Castiglioni S. Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017; 178: 285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.030.
30. Banta-Green CJ, Brewer AJ, Ort C, Helsel DR, Williams JR, Field JA. Using wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate drug consumption-Statistical analyses and data presentation. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 568: 856-863. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052.
31. Baz-Lomba JA, Salvatore S, Gracia-Lor E, Bade R, Castiglioni S, Castrignanò E, et al. Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1): 1035. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5.
32. Been F, Bijlsma L, Benaglia L, Berset JD, Botero-Coy AM, Castiglioni S, et al. Assessing geographical differences in illicit drug consumption -A comparison of results from epidemiological and wastewater data in Germany and Switzerland. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016; 161: 189-199. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.002.
33. Bijlsma L, Botero-Coy AM, Rincón RJ, Peñuela GA, Hernández F. Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 565: 984-993. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078.
34. Bodík I, Mackuľak T, Fáberová M, Ivanová L. Occurrence of illicit drugs and selected pharmaceuticals in Slovak municipal wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016; 23(20): 21098-21105. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7415-5.
35. Castiglioni S, Borsotti A, Riva F, Zuccato E. Illicit drug consumption estimated by wastewater analysis in different districts of Milan: A case study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016; 35(2): 128-132. doi: 10.1111/dar.12233.
36. Gatidou G, Kinyua J, van Nuijs AL, Gracia-Lor E, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, et al. Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology. Sci Total Environ. 2016;563-564:633-640. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130.
37. Klupczynska A, Dereziński P, Krysztofiak J, Kokot ZJ. Estimation of drug abuse in 9 Polish cities by wastewater analysis. Forensic Sci Int. 2016; 260: 14-21. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.042.
38. Krizman I, Senta I, Ahel M, Terzic S. Wastewater-based assessment of regional and temporal consumption patterns of illicit drugs and therapeutic opioids in Croatia. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 566-567: 454-462. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.075.
39. Tscharke BJ, Chen C, Gerber JP, White JM. Temporal trends in drug use in Adelaide, South Australia by wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 565: 384-391. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.183.
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