Palabras clave
Drogas ilícitas
ambiente
planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales
revisión
ambiente
planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales
revisión
Cómo citar
Pacheco Ferreira, A. (2018). Estimaciones del consumo de drogas ilícitas derivadas del análisis de aguas residuales: Una revisión crítica. Salud UIS, 51(1), 69–80. https://doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v51n1-2019008
Resumen
La medición cuantitativa de drogas ilícitas en aguas residuales puede proporcionar información objetiva sobre los patrones y tendencias del uso de psicotrópicos en la comunidad. Se analizó la presencia de psicoactivos en plantas de tratamiento para aguas residuales y en el medio ambiente por epidemiología de alcantarillado, mediante una revisión sistemática de 2008-2017 por medio de los descriptores controlados: “drogas ilícitas”, “plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales” y “ambiente” hecha en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, SciELO, BVS vía LILACS y Google Académico. La búsqueda arrojó 439 estudios y fueron seleccionados 34 estudios para análisis. Los años de publicación variaron, siendo 2016 el de mayor de publicaciones (diez), seguido de 2014 y 2012 (cinco), 2017, 2013, 2010 (tres), 2011 (dos), 2015, 2009 y 2008 (uno cada uno). Los resultados mostraron la presencia de indicadores químicos de las drogas clásicas cocaína y cannabis. La investigación sobre la presencia de drogas ilícitas, particularmente como compuestos activos en el medio ambiente, es vital para mejorar el conocimiento de los tipos consumidos, su prevalencia; siendo capaz desplegar para analizar la exposición y el impacto de estos compuestos en el medio ambiente y la salud pública. Los resultados de esta revisión han resaltado que la epidemiología basada en aguas residuales es un enfoque útil y poderoso.
Referencias
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2. Hebdige D. The Subcultural Meaning of Style. Londres: Routledge; 2002.
3. Petrie B, Barden R, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge, understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring. Water Res. 2015; 72: 3-27. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.053.
4. Rosi-Marshall EJ, Snow D, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Paspalof A, Tank JL. A review of ecological effects and environmental fate of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems. J Hazard Mater. 2015; 282: 18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.062.
5. Pal R, Megharaj M, Kirkbride KP, Naidu R. Illicit drugs and the environment - A review. Sci Total Environ. 2013; 463-464: 1079-1092. doi: 0.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.086.
6. Moore LD, Elkavich A. Who’s using and who’s doing time: incarceration, the war on drugs, and public health. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(5): 782-786. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.126284.
7. Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2013; 382(9904): 1575-1586. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6.
8. Jimenez Herrera L. Prevention against drugs. Rev Costarric Salud Públ. 2010; 19(2): 93-100.
9. González-López JR, Rodríguez-Gázquez MA, Lomas-Campos MM. Prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas en inmigrantes latinoamericanos adultos. Rev Latino-Americana Enferm. 2012; 20(3): 528-535. doi: 10.1590/S0104-11692012000300014.
10. Córdoba D, Toledo D. Cocaína y base de cocaína. Basuco. En: Córdoba D. Bogotá “Toxicología”. Bogotá: ed Editorial El Manual Moderno; 2001.
11. Ribeiro M, Marques ACPR, Laranjeira R, Alves HNP, Araújo MR, Baltieri DA, et al. Abuso e dependência da maconha. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2005; 51(5): 247-249. doi: 10.1590/S0104-42302005000500008.
12. Ballani TSL, Oliveira MLF. Use of drugs of abuse and sentinel event: constructing a proposition about assessing public policies. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2007; 16(3): 488-494. doi: 10.1590/S0104-07072007000300015.
13. Bernal E. ¿Tienen futuro las guías de práctica clínica en el Sistema Nacional de Salud? Gestión Clín Sanit. 2002; 4(3): 75-77.
14. Sanchez Z, Oliveira LG, Nappo SA. Main reasons for non-use of illicit drugs by young population exposed to risk situations. Rev Saude Publica. 2005;39(4):1-7. doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102005000400013.
15. Caiaffa WT, Bastos FI, Freitas LL, Mingoti SA, Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, et al. The contribution of two Brazilian multi-center studies to the assessment of HIV and HCV infection and prevention strategies among injecting drug users: The Ajude-Brasil I and II Projects. Cad Saude Publica. 2006; 22(4): 771-782. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2006000400016.
16. Alves VS. Health care models for users of alcohol and other drugs: political discourse, knowledge and practices. Cad Saude Publica. 2009; 25(11): 2309-2319. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2009001100002.
17. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Calamari D, Bagnati R, Schiarea S, et al. Cocaine in surface water: a new evidence based tool to monitor community drug abuse. Environ. Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2005; 4:14. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-4-14.
18. Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castigliano S, Bagnati R, Fanelli R. Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008; 116(8): 1027-1032. doi. 10.1289/ehp.11022.
19. Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Bagnati R, Chiabrando C, Grassi P, Fanelli R. Illicit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants. Water Res. 2008; 42(4-5): 961-868. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.09.010.
20. Gil MJ, Soto AM, Usma JI, Gutiérrez OD. Contaminantes emergentes en aguas, efectos y posibles tratamientos. Producc Limpia. 2012; 7(2): 52-73.
21. Tejada C, Quiñonez E, Peña M. Contaminantes emergentes en aguas: metabolitos de fármacos. una revisión. Rev Fac Cienc Básicas. 2014; 10(1): 80-101.
22. Castiglioni S, Thomas KV, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Vandam L, Griffiths P. Testing wastewater to detect illicit drugs: State of the art, potential and research needs. Sci Total Environ. 2014; 487: 613-620. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.034.
23. Castiglioni S, Bijlsma L, Covaci A, Emke E, Hernández F, Reid M, et al. Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers. Environ Sci Technol. 2013; 47(3): 1452-1460. doi: 10.1021/es302722f.
24. EMCDDA. Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. EMCDDA Insights 22. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2016. doi: 10.2810/017397.
25. Sampaio RF, Mancini MC. Estudos de revisão sistemática: um guia para síntese criteriosa da evidência científica. Braz J Phys Ther. 2007; 11(1): 83-89. doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552007000100013.
26. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6: e1000097.
27. Sodré FF, Souza GB, Feitosa RS, Pereira CEB, Maldaner AO. Illicit Drugs, Metabolites and adulterants in wastewater: monitoring community drug abuse in the Brazilian Federal District during the 2014 Soccer World Cup. J Braz Chem Soc. 2017; 28(11): 2146-2154. doi: 10.21577/0103-5053.20170063.
28. Thiebault T, Fougère L, Destandau E, Réty M, Jacob J. Temporal dynamics of human-excreted pollutants in wastewater treatment plant influents: Toward a better knowledge of mass load fluctuations. Sci Total Environ. 2017; 596-597: 246-255. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.130.
29. Zuccato E, Gracia-Lor E, Rousis NI, Parabiaghi A, Senta I, Riva F, Castiglioni S. Illicit drug consumption in school populations measured by wastewater analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017; 178: 285-290. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.030.
30. Banta-Green CJ, Brewer AJ, Ort C, Helsel DR, Williams JR, Field JA. Using wastewater-based epidemiology to estimate drug consumption-Statistical analyses and data presentation. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 568: 856-863. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.052.
31. Baz-Lomba JA, Salvatore S, Gracia-Lor E, Bade R, Castiglioni S, Castrignanò E, et al. Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16(1): 1035. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3686-5.
32. Been F, Bijlsma L, Benaglia L, Berset JD, Botero-Coy AM, Castiglioni S, et al. Assessing geographical differences in illicit drug consumption -A comparison of results from epidemiological and wastewater data in Germany and Switzerland. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016; 161: 189-199. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.002.
33. Bijlsma L, Botero-Coy AM, Rincón RJ, Peñuela GA, Hernández F. Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2016; 565: 984-993. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078.
34. Bodík I, Mackuľak T, Fáberová M, Ivanová L. Occurrence of illicit drugs and selected pharmaceuticals in Slovak municipal wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016; 23(20): 21098-21105. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7415-5.
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