Abstract
Introduction: In the liturature, farmers have higher mortality from some type of cancer and external causes. However, the results are not conclusive, due to differential approaches and methodologies used in the studies, and differences in the activities developed by farmers in the geographical areas. Objective: Describe the main causes of death of farmers in Colombia from 2010 to 2016, and identify if the occupation itself is a risk factor for mortality. Methodology: We used odds ratios adjusted by logistic regression and socioeconomics variables as a measure of occupational risk in each cause of death. Death certificates were used to establish underlying cause of death. Results: Farmers have higher risk of die by neoplasm (OR; 1.14 CI 95% 1.12-1.71), circulatory system diseases (OR; 1.030 IC 95% 1.01–1.04), and missdefinition disease (OR; 1.22 IC 95% 1.15 – 1.30). Discussion: Our results could be biased, due the retrospective design. Nonetheless, these results could be consistent with the existence of risk more than magnitude itself. Conclusions: To have a major precision in the risk estimation is necessary institutional efforts to make prospective studies as AHS in United States.References
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7. Blair A, Zahm SH. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103(Suppl. 8): 205-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s8205.
8. Zhao G, Ronda E, Cea L, Pulido J, Barrio G, Regidor E. Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019; 92(4): 599-608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1396-2.
9. Alexopoulos EC, Kavalidou K, Messolora F. Suicide mortality across broad occupational groups
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11. Faria NMX, Fassa AG, Meucci RD. Association between pesticide exposure and suicide rates in Brazil. Neurotoxicology. 2014; 45: 355-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.003.
12. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Vol. 5, Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 189-196.
13. Wen CP, Tsai SP. Anatomy of the healthy worker effect - A critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology. Scand J Trabajo Entorno Salud. 1982; 8(Suppl 1): 48-52.
14. Li CY, Sung FC. A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology. Occup Med (Lond). 1999; 49(4): 225-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/49.4.225.
15. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. 2005; 83(4): 731-757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x.
16. Salomon JA, Murray CJL. The epidemiologic transition revisited: compositional models for causes of death by age and sex. Popul Dev Rev. 2002; 28(2): 205-228.
17. Meyer A, Chrisman J, Moreira JC, Koifman S. Cancer mo1rtality among agricultural workers from Serrana Region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environment Res. 2003; 93(3): 264-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351 (03) 00065-3.
18. Levêque-Morlais N, Tual S, Clin B, Adjemian A, Baldi I, Lebailly P. The AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort study: enrollment and causes of death for the 2005-2009 period. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015; 88(1): 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0933-x.
19. Waggoner JK, Kullman GJ, Henneberger PK, Umbach DM, Blair A, Alavanja MCR, et al. Mortality in the Agricultural Health Study, 1993-2007. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 173(1): 71-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq323.
20. Blair A, Sandler DP, Tarone R, Lubin J, Thomas K, Hoppin JA, et al. Mortality among participants in the agricultural health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15(4): 279-285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.008.
21. Stiernström EL, Holmberg S, Thelin A, Svärdsudd K. A prospective study of morbidity and mortality rates among farmers and rural and urban nonfarmers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54(2): 121-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356 (00) 00287-0.
22. Meyer A, Alexandre PCB, de Rezende Chrisman J, Markowitz SB, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case control study based on death certificates. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(2): 151-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijheh.2010.11.002.
23. Liu H, Patel D, Welch AM, Wilson C, Mroz MM, Li L, et al. Association between occupational exposures and sarcoidosis. Chest. 2016; 150(2): 289-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.020.
2. Thelin N, Holmberg S, Nettelbladt P, Thelin A. Mortality and morbidity among farmers, nonfarming rural men, and urban referents: a prospective population-based study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2009; 15(1): 21-28. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1179/107735209799449680.
3. Boccolini P de MM, Boccolini CS, Chrisman J de R, Koifman RJ, Meyer A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma among Brazilian agricultural workers: A death certificate case-control study. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017; 72(3): 139-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2016.1179167.
4. Miranda-Filho AL, Monteiro GTR, Meyer A. Brain cancer mortality among farm workers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based case-control study, 1996-2005. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012; 215(5): 496-501. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.007.
5. Sritharan J, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Peters CE, Villeneuve PJ, et al. Occupation and risk of prostate cancer in Canadian men: A case-control study across eight Canadian provinces. Cancer Epidemiol. 2017; 48: 96-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.04.006.
6. Depczynski J, Lower T. A review of prostate cancer incidence and mortality studies of farmers and non-farmers, 2002-2013. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014; 38(6): 654-662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.001.
7. Blair A, Zahm SH. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103(Suppl. 8): 205-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s8205.
8. Zhao G, Ronda E, Cea L, Pulido J, Barrio G, Regidor E. Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019; 92(4): 599-608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1396-2.
9. Alexopoulos EC, Kavalidou K, Messolora F. Suicide mortality across broad occupational groups
in Greece: A descriptive study. Saf Health Work. 2016; 7(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2015.09.004.
10. MacFarlane E, Benke G, Del Monaco A, Sim MR. Causes of death and incidence of cancer in a cohort of Australian pesticide-exposed workers. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20(4): 273-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.annepidem.2010.01.004.
11. Faria NMX, Fassa AG, Meucci RD. Association between pesticide exposure and suicide rates in Brazil. Neurotoxicology. 2014; 45: 355-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.003.
12. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Vol. 5, Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 189-196.
13. Wen CP, Tsai SP. Anatomy of the healthy worker effect - A critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology. Scand J Trabajo Entorno Salud. 1982; 8(Suppl 1): 48-52.
14. Li CY, Sung FC. A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology. Occup Med (Lond). 1999; 49(4): 225-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/49.4.225.
15. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. 2005; 83(4): 731-757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x.
16. Salomon JA, Murray CJL. The epidemiologic transition revisited: compositional models for causes of death by age and sex. Popul Dev Rev. 2002; 28(2): 205-228.
17. Meyer A, Chrisman J, Moreira JC, Koifman S. Cancer mo1rtality among agricultural workers from Serrana Region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environment Res. 2003; 93(3): 264-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351 (03) 00065-3.
18. Levêque-Morlais N, Tual S, Clin B, Adjemian A, Baldi I, Lebailly P. The AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort study: enrollment and causes of death for the 2005-2009 period. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015; 88(1): 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0933-x.
19. Waggoner JK, Kullman GJ, Henneberger PK, Umbach DM, Blair A, Alavanja MCR, et al. Mortality in the Agricultural Health Study, 1993-2007. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 173(1): 71-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq323.
20. Blair A, Sandler DP, Tarone R, Lubin J, Thomas K, Hoppin JA, et al. Mortality among participants in the agricultural health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15(4): 279-285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.008.
21. Stiernström EL, Holmberg S, Thelin A, Svärdsudd K. A prospective study of morbidity and mortality rates among farmers and rural and urban nonfarmers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54(2): 121-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356 (00) 00287-0.
22. Meyer A, Alexandre PCB, de Rezende Chrisman J, Markowitz SB, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case control study based on death certificates. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(2): 151-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijheh.2010.11.002.
23. Liu H, Patel D, Welch AM, Wilson C, Mroz MM, Li L, et al. Association between occupational exposures and sarcoidosis. Chest. 2016; 150(2): 289-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.020.
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