Keywords
Coronavirus infections
SARS-CoV
Blood coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Multiple organic dysfunction
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Acute kidney injury
SARS-CoV
Blood coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Multiple organic dysfunction
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Acute kidney injury
How to Cite
Pájaro-Galvis, N., Abuabara-Franco, E., Leal-Martínez, V., Serpa-Díaz, D., Rico-Fontalvo, J., Daza-Arnedo, R., Bohorquez-Rivero, J., Correa-Guerrero, J., López-Fontalvo, J., Pomares-Lara, A., Raad-Sarabia, M., & Porto-Corbacho, D. (2020). Anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 infection. Salud UIS, 52(4), 422–430. https://doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v52n4-2020009
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 is a pneumonia due to the new SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus, with a very heterogeneous clinical presentation, which in severe cases can be associated with a high risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation, similar to that observed in sepsis-induced coagulopathy, but with a predominantly thrombotic phenotype. Therefore, anticoagulation should be considered as a therapeutic strategy in this type of patient. Objectives: To show all available literature on the benefits of anticoagulation in severe COVID-19. Methodology: An advanced search was performed with the terms DeSC and MeSH: Coronavirus Infections; SARS-CoV; Blood Coagulation; Disseminated intravascular coagulation; Multiple organic dysfunction; Sepsis; Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; Acute kidney injury. The Clinical Key, Embase, PubMed and Ovid search engines were used, obtaining a total of 143 results, among original articles, case reports, case series and literature reviews, a total of 56 articles were selected that were used to the preparation of this literature review. Conclusions: Patients with severe COVID-19 have a high thrombotic risk and could benefit from anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparins; however, further studies are needed on the usefulness of anticoagulant therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 and risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
References
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2. Zhong J, Tang J, Ye C, Dong L. The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment? Lancet Rheumat. 2020; S266599132030120X.
3. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Colombia confirma su primer caso de COVID-19. 6 de marzo de 2020; https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/ Colombia-confirma-su-primer-caso-de-COVID-19. aspx.
4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 51. 11 de marzo de 2020.
5. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. 3 de junio de 2020.
6. González C, Yama E, Yomayusa M, VargasJ, Rico J, Ariza A, et al. Consenso colombiano de expertos sobre recomendaciones informadas en la evidencia para la prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de la lesión renal aguda por SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Rev Colomb Nefrol. 2020; 7(Supl 2). doi: https:// doi.org/10.22265/acnef.7.Supl.2.473
7. Daza Arnedo R, Aroca Martínez G, Rico Fontalvo JE, Rey Vela E, Pájaro Galvis NE, Salgado Montiel LG, et al. Terapias de purificación sanguínea en COVID-19. Rev Colomb Nefrol. 2020; 7(Supl.2). doi: https://doi.org/10.22265/acnef.7.Supl.2.476
8. Ministerio de Salud y Protección social, Instituto nacional de salud. Situación actual de Nuevo Coronarivus (COVID-19). 3 de junio de 2020; https://d2jsqrio60m94k.cloudfront.net/.
9. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020; 323(20): 2052- 2059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775
10. Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, Wan Y, Luo C, Aihara H, et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. 2020; 581(7807): 221-224. doi: 10.1038/ s41586-020-2179-y
11. Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. 2020; 368(6490): 473-474. doi: 10.1126/science.abb8925
12. Leisman DE, Deutschman CS, Legrand M. Facing COVID-19 in the ICU: vascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and dysregulated inflammation. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6): 1105-1108. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06059-6
13. Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, Sayer G, Griffin JM, Masoumi A, et al. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2020; 141(20): 1648-1655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941
14. Ciceri F, Beretta L, Scandroglio AM, Colombo S, Landoni G, Ruggeri A, et al. Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Crit Care Resusc. 2020; 22(2): 95-97.
15. Williamson DR, Albert M, Heels-Ansdell D, Arnold DM, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, et al. Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients receiving thromboprophylaxis: Frequency, risk factors, and outcomes. Chest. 2013; 144(4): 1207-1215. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0121
16. Selvin E, Lazo M, Chen Y, Shen L, Rubin J, McEvoy JW, et al. Diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and incidence of subclinical myocardial damage. Circulation. 2014; 130(16): 1374-1382. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010815
17. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(11): 1061-1069. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585
18. Iba T, Di Nisio M, Levy JH, Kitamura N, Thachil J. New criteria for sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) following the revised sepsis definition: A retrospective analysis of a nationwide survey. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(9): 1-8. doi: 10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-017046
19. Sarup BM. Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). J Assoc Physicians India. 1973; 21(10): 861-866.
20. Levi M, Scully M. How I treat disseminated intravascular coagulation. Blood. 2018; 131(8): 845-854. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-804096
21. Hasegawa N, Husari AW, Hart WT, Kandra TG, Raffin TA. Role of the coagulation system in ARDS. Chest. 1994; 105(1): 268-277. doi: 10.1378/ chest.105.1.268
22. van Gorp ECM, Suharti C, ten Cate H, Dolmans WMV, van der Meer JWM, ten Cate JW, et al. Review: Infectious diseases and coagulation disorders. J Infect Dis. 1999; 180(1): 176-186. doi: 10.1086/314829
23. Yang Y, Tang H. Aberrant coagulation causes a hyper-inflammatory response in severe influenza pneumonia. Cell Mol Immunol. 2016; 13(4): 432-442. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2016.1
24. Cao W, Li T. COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell Res. 2020; 30(5): 367-369. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0327-4
25. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(7): 1-11. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
26. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(4): 844-847. doi: 10.1111/jth.14768
27. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. abril de 2020; 8(4):420-422. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X
28. Iba T, Levi M, Levy JH. Sepsis-Induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020; 46(1): 89-95. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1694995
29. Najem MY, Couturaud F, Lemarié CA. Cytokine and chemokine regulation of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(5): 1009-1019. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14759
30. Lillicrap D. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with 2019‐nCoV pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(4): 786-787. doi: 10.1111/ jth.14781
31. Gralinski LE, Iii AB, Jeng S. Mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-. MBio. 2013; 4(4): 1-12. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00271-13
32. Yao XH, Li TY, He ZC, Ping YF, Liu HW, Yu SC, et al. A pathological report of three COVID-19 cases by minimally invasive autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020; 49(5): 411-417. doi: 10.3760/ cma.j.cn112151-20200312-00193
33. Connors J, Levy JH. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020; 135(23): 2033-2040. doi: 10.1182/ blood.2020006000
34. Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID‐19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(7): 1559-1561. doi: 10.1111/ jth.14849
35. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020; 191: 145-147. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. thromres.2020.04.013
36. Fan BE, Chong VCL, Chan SSW, Lim GH, Lim KGE, Tan GB, et al. Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID‐19 infection. Am J Hematol. 2020; 95(6). E131-E134. doi: 10.1002/ajh.25774
37. Yan SF, Mackman N, Kisiel W, Stern DM, Pinsky DJ. Hypoxia/hypoxemia-induced activation of the procoagulant pathways and the pathogenesis of ischemia-associated thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19(9): 2029-2035. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.19.9.2029
38. Chauhan AJ, Wiffen LJ, Brown TP. COVID‐19: a collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; published ahead of print. doi: https://doi. org/10.1111/jth.14981
39. Magro CM, Momtahen S, Mulvey JJ, PhD, Yassin AH, Kaplan RB, Laurence JC. Role of the skin biopsy in the diagnosis of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 37(5): 349-359. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0000000000000234
40. Campbell CM, Kahwash R. Will complement inhibition be the new target in treating COVID-19– related systemic thrombosis? Circulation. 2020; 141(22): 1739-1741. doi: 10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047419
41. Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, Nuovo G, Salvatore S, Harp J, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases. Transl Res. 2020; 220: 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.04.007
42. Magro CM, Harmanc AP, Klingerb D, Oroszd C, Adamsd P, Waldman J, et al. Use of C4d as a diagnostic adjunct in lung allograft biopsies. Am J Transplant. 2003; 3(9): 1143-1154. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-6143.2003.00152.x
43. Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. doi: 10.1111/jth.14830 [Epub ahead of print]
44. Llitjos JF, Leclerc M, Chochois C, Monsallier JM, Ramakers M, Auvray M, et al. High incidence of venous thromboembolic events in anticoagulated severe COVID-19 patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2020; 18(7): 1743-1746. doi: 10.1111/jth.14869
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Copyright (c) 2020 Nehomar Pájaro Galvis, Emilio Abuabara Franco, Victor Leal Martínez, Dagoberto Serpa Díaz, Jorge Rico Fontalvo, Rodrigo Daza Arnedo, José Bohorquez Rivero, José Correa Guerrero, Jonatan López Fontalvo, Alonso Pomares Lara, María Raad Sarabia, Daniel Porto Corbacho
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