Keywords
Covid-19
Depression
Prevalence
Risk factors
SARS-CoV-2
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction: The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide has created a health emergency leading to overloading health systems and exposing the personnel who work in these health institutions to stressors that impact their physical and emotional health. Available information on conditions caused by viral outbreaks and previous pandemics indicates that healthcare workers and others on the front lines are at increased risk of infection and various adverse outcomes. Objective: To establish the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and associated factors in frontline care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bucaramanga and its Metropolitan Area, Santander, Colombia. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study. The outcomes were symptoms of anxiety and depression assessed with the Hopkins Checklist-25 Scale (HSCL-25) questionnaire. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was calculated, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 1118 participants were included. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 5.55% (95% CI 4.27-7.05), depression 4.56% (95% CI 3.41-5.95), and both 7.42% (95% CI 5.95-9.12). In the bivariate analysis, seven factors were associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression, however, only four of them remained in the multivariate model: marital status OR: 2.65 (95% CI 1.17-5.98); obesity (OR: 3.21 ,95% CI 1.67-6.17); “someone in your household has been diagnosed with COVID-19” (OR: 2.28 ,95% CI 1.39-3.76) and “has symptoms of COVID-19 in the last 14 days” (OR: 2.09 ,95% CI 1.25-3.50). Conclusions: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression was lower than that reported in other studies. However, it is important to continue taking these symptoms into account and, as necessary, conduct an intervention with psychological support programs by mental health specialists.
References
Morens DM, Daszak P, Markel H, Taubenberger JK. Pandemic COVID-19 Joins History’s Pandemic Legion. mBio [Internet]. 2020; 11(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00812-20
Nowrouzi-Kia B, Sithamparanathan G, Nadesar N, Gohar B, Ott M. Factors associated with work performance and mental health of healthcare workers during pandemics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 44(4): 731–739. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab173
Sirois FM, Owens J. Factors associated with psychological distress in health-care workers during an infectious disease outbreak: A rapid systematic review of the evidence. Front Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021; 11: 1-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589545
Drissi N, Ouhbi S, Marques G, de la Torre Díez I, Ghogho M, Janati Idrissi MA. A systematic literature review on e-mental health solutions to assist health care workers During COVID-19. Telemed E Health [Internet]. 2020; 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2020.0287
Muller AE, Hafstad EV, Himmels JP, Smedslund G, Flottorp S, Stensland SØ, et al. The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: A rapid systematic review. Psychiatry Res [Internet]. 2020; 293: 113441. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. psychres.2020.113441
Van Steenkiste E, Schoofs J, Gilis S, Messiaen P. Mental health impact of COVID-19 in frontline healthcare workers in a Belgian Tertiary care hospital: a prospective longitudinal study. Acta Clin Belg [Internet]. 2021: 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.10 80/17843286.2021.1903660
Schneider J, Talamonti D, Gibson B, Forshaw M. Factors mediating the psychological well-being of healthcare workers responding to global pandemics: A systematic review. J Health Psychol [Internet]. 2021: 135910532110127. doi: https://doi. org/10.1177/13591053211012759
Li X, Yu H, Yang W, Mo Q, Yang Z, Wen S, et al. Depression and anxiety among quarantined people, community workers, medical staff, and general population in the early stage of COVID-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2021; 12: 1-10. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638985
Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SSRN Electron J [Internet]. 2020; 88: 901-907. doi: https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.3594632
Claveria A, Rodríguez-Barragán M, Fernández-San- Martin MI, Nabbe P, Le Reste JY, Miguens-Blanco I, et al. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish, Catalan and Galician of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 to identify depression in Primary Care. Aten Primaria. 2020; 52(8): 539-547.
Rodríguez-Barragán M, Fernández-San-Martín MI, Clavería-Fontán A, Aldecoa-Landesa S, Casajuana-Closas M, Llobera J, et al. Validation and psychometric properties of the spanish version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 Scale for depression detection in primary care. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 18(15): 7843. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157843
Salari N, Khazaie H, Hosseinian-Far A, Khaledi- Paveh B, Kazeminia M, Mohammadi M, et al. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-regression. Hum Resour Health [Internet]. 2020; 18(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00544-1
Pathak M, Thakur B. Burden of predominant psychological reactions among the healthcare workers and general population during COVID-19 pandemic phase: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Community Med [Internet]. 2021; 46(4): 600. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm. ijcm_1007_20
Zhang SX, Chen RZ, Xu W, Yin A, Dong RK, Chen BZ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2022; 19(2): 1018. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19021018
Oginni OA, Oloniniyi IO, Ibigbami O, Ugo V, Amiola A, Ogunbajo A, et al. Depressive and anxiety symptoms and COVID-19-related factors among men and women in Nigeria. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2021;16(8): e0256690. doi: https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256690
Fornaro M, Solmi M, Stubbs B, Veronese N, Monaco F, Novello S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia among nursing home residents without dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019; 216(1): 6-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.5
Milaneschi Y, Simmons WK, van Rossum EF, Penninx BW. Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2018; 24(1): 18-33. doi: https://doi. org/10.1038/s41380-018-0017-5
Xia G, Han Y, Meng F, He Y, Srisai D, Farias M, et al. Reciprocal control of obesity and anxiety– depressive disorder via a GABA and serotonin neural circuit. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021; 26(7): 2837-2853. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01053-w
Zhou Y, Chi J, Lv W, Wang Y. Obesity and diabetes as high‐risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19). Diabetes Metab Res Rev [Internet]. 2020; 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3377
Chen J, Liu X, Wang D, Jin Y, He M, Ma Y, et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety in healthcare workers deployed during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiology [Internet]. 2021; 56(1): 47-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01954-1
Zhong J, Zhong C, Qiu L, Li J, Lai J, Lu W, et al. Risk and protective factors for anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 21(1): 1063. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889- 021-11118-
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Loren Katiana Flórez, Lyda Z. Rojas, Doris Quintero-Lesmes, Diana Paola Suárez, Isail Salazar-Acosta, Claudia M. Serrano, Norma C. Serrano