Keywords
Child rearing
child behavior
self-efficacy
parenting
Colombia
parental style
behavioral problems
dysfunctional parenting
parental trust
childcare
child behavior
self-efficacy
parenting
Colombia
parental style
behavioral problems
dysfunctional parenting
parental trust
childcare
How to Cite
Rodríguez-Villamizar, L. A., & Amaya-Castellanos, C. I. (2019). Parental style, parental self-efficacy and children behavioral problems in three municipalities of Santander. Salud UIS, 51(3), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.18273/revsal.v51n3-2019006
Abstract
Introduction: The family, through child rearing, has a key role in the development of children’s social skills and self-care. Objective: To describe parental styles, parental self-efficacy and perception of children behavior’s problems among parents and caregivers, and explore differences by sex and place of residence in three municipalities of Santander. Material and Method: Quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants were parents and caregivers of children under 12 years old, living in the municipalities of Girón, Lebrija, and Matanza. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Parenting Scale and the Parenting Tasks Checklist were used. Comparisons were made by sex, municipality, and zone (urban/rural). Results: Participants were 1425 parents and caregivers of children under 12 years old. Most participants were female (80%) and mothers (70%). High prevalence of dysfunctional parental styles was identified with predominance of over reactivity (36%), laxness (23%) and hostility (22%). Higher percentage of difficulties with parent’s contextual self-efficacy was identified in the rural area (p<0,001). Conclusions: This study found dysfunctional parental styles and perception of children’s behavioral problems that suggest the need for population-based interventions focused on parental skills for parents and caregivers. Child rearing is proposed as a process of interest in public health.
References
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11. Park J, Johnston C, Colalillo S, Williamson D. Parents’ attributions for negative and positive child behavior in relation to parenting and child problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018; 47(1): S63-S75. doi: https://10.1080/15374416.2016.1144191.
12. Gershoff, E. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(4): 539-579.
13. García M, Rivera S, Reyes I. La percepción de los padres sobre la crianza de los hijos. Acta Colomb Psicol. 2014; 17(2): 133-141. doi: https://10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.539. 539.
14. Sanders MR, Pidgeon AM, Gravestock F, Connors, MD, Brown S, Young RW. Does parental attributional retraining and anger management enhance the effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program with parents at risk of child maltreatment? Behav Therapy. 2004; 35: 513-535. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80030-3.
15. Thompson A, Hollis C, Richards D. Authoritarian parenting attitudes as a risk for conduct problems: Result from a British national cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psych. 2003; 12: 84-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4.
16. Akhter N, Hanif R, Tariq N, Atta M. Parenting styles as predictors of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems among children. PJPR 2011; 26(1): 23-41.
17. Knutson JF, DeGarmo D, Koeppl G, Reid JB. Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreat. 2005; 10(2): 92-107. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559504273684.
18. República de Colombia, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resolución 429 de 2016. Bogotá, febrero de 2016.
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21. Sanders MR, Markie-Dadds C, Tully LA, Bor W. The triple P-positive parenting program: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and selfdirected behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. J
Consult Clin Psychol. 2000; 68(4): 624-640. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.624.
22. DANE. Proyecciones de población 2005-2020 con base en censo; 2005.
23. Arnold DS, O´Leary SG, Wolff LS, Acker MM. The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychol Assessment. 1993; 5: 137-144. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137.
24. Rhoades KA, O´Leary SG. Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2007; 36: 137-146. doi: https:// 10.1080/15374410701274157.
25. Sanders MR, Woolley ML. The relationship between global, domain and task-specific self-efficacy and parenting practices: Implications for parent training. Child Care Health Dev. 2005; 31(1): 65-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00487.x.
26. Mejia A, Filus A, Calam R, Morawska A, Sanders M. Validation of the Spanish version of the CAPES: a brief instrument for assessing child psychological difficulties and parental self-effcacy. Int J Behavio Development. 2015; 1-14. doi: https://10.1177/0165025415591229.
27. Goodman R. The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999; 40(5): 791-799. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00494.
28. Gomez-Bneyto M, Nolasco A, Moncho J, Pereyra-Zamora P, Tamayo-Fonseca N, Munarriz M, et al. Psycometric beaviour of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in the Spanish national health survey 2006. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13: 95. doi: https://10.1186/1471-244X-13-95.
29. Goodman R, Scott S. Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: is small beautiful? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1999; 27: 17-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102265822.
30. Smedje H, Broman JE, Hetta J, Von Knorring AL. Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 8(2): 63-70.
31. Triple P Positive Parenting Programa. Client Scoring application ASRA website.
32. Darling N, Steinberg L. Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychol Bull. 1993; 113(3): 487-496. doi: https://10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487.
33. Navarrete L, Ossa C. Estilos parentales y calidad de vida familiar en adolescentes con conductas disruptivas. Cienc Psicol. 2013; 7(1): 47-56. doi: https://10.4321/S1132-05592008000300008.
34. Velarde MP, Ramírez MJ. Efecto de las prácticas de crianza en el desempeño cognitivo en niños en edad preescolar. Rev Chil Neuropsicol. 2017; 12(1): 12-18. doi: https://10.5839/rcnp.2017.12.01.04.
35. Izzedin R, Pachajoa A. Pautas, prácticas y creencias acerca de crianza... ayer y hoy. Liberabit. 2009; 15(2): 109-115.
36. Lesniowska R, Gent A, Watson S. Maternal fatigue, parenting selfefficacy, and over reactive discipline during the early childhood years: a test of a mediation model. Clin Psychol. 2016; 20(3): 109-118. doi: https:// 10.1111/cp.12056.
37. Eriksson M, Lindstro B. Salutogenic interpretation of the Ottawa Charter. Health Promot Int. 2004; 23(2): 190-199. doi: https://10.1093/heapro/dan014.
38. Sanders MR, Ralph A, Sofronoff K, Gardiner P, Thompson R, Dwyer S, et al. Every family: a population approach to reducing behavioral and emotional problems in children making the transition to school. J Prim Prev. 2008; 29(3): 197-
222. doi: https:// 10.1007/s10935-008-0139-7.
39. Rivas S. Influencia bidireccional en la adopción de los estilos parentales en la infancia. Int J Develop Educ Psychol. 2008; 1(4): 65-74.
40. Zhou Q, Eisenberg N, Losoya SH, Fabes RA, Reiser M, Guthrie IK, et al. The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Dev. 2002; 73(3): 893-915. doi: https://10.1111/1467-8624.00446.
41. Aguirre E, Montoya LM, Reyes JA. Crianza y castigo físico. En Aguirre, E. Diálogos 4. Discusiones en la psicología contemporánea. Bogotá, D. C. (Colombia): Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Cien. Diálogos 4. Discusiones en la Psicología Contemporánea (2006) 33 p.
42. Jiménez A, Concha M, Zúñiga R. Conflicto trabajo familia, autoeficacia parental y estilos parentales percibidos en padres y madres de la ciudad de Talca, Chile. Acta Colomb Psicol. 2012; 15 (1): 57-65.
43. Baumrind D, Black AE. Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Dev. 1967; 38(2): 291-327. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1127295.
44. Milevsky A, Schlechter M, Klem L, Kehl R. Constellations of maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescence: congruity and well-being. Marriage Fam Rev. 2008; 44(1): 81-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920802185447.
45. Coleman P, Karraker K. Self-Efficacy and parenting quality: findings and future applications. Developm Rev. 1998; 18(1): 47-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448.
46. Abarashi Z, Tahmassian K, Mazaheri MA, Panaghi L, Mansoori N. Parental self-efficacy as a determining factor in healthy motherchild interaction: a pilot study in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sciv. 2014; 8(1):19-25. doi: https://10.5812/rijm.13929.
47. Martínez M, Pérez Frías W, Solano D. Impacto de los medios masivos de comunicación en la dinámica familiar. Cult Educ Soc CES. 2011; 2(1): 111-118.
48. Bornstein MH. Cultural approaches to parenting. Parent Sci Pract. 2012; 12(2-3): 212-221. doi: https://10.1080/15295192.2012.683359.
2. Střelec S. The Family as an agent in children’s upbringing and changes to the conditions under which it Operates. Czech-Polish Hist Pedagog J. 2013; 5(2): 16-23. doi: https://10.2478/cphpj-2013-0010.
3. Papalia D, Wendkos S, Duskin R. Desarrollo Humano. Novena edición. México: Mc. Graw-Hill, 1999. 347p.
4. Henao G, Ramírez C, Ramírez L. Las prácticas educativas familiares como facilitadoras del proceso de desarrollo en el niño y la niña. AGO USB. 2007; 7(2): 199-385. doi: https://doi.org/10.21500/16578031.1646.
5. Kazdin AE. Modificación de conducta y sus aplicaciones prácticas. Segunda edición. México: Manual Moderno, 1996.
6. Escobar Doran C, Jacobs P, Dewa CS. Return on investment for mental health promotion: parenting programs and early childhood development. Edmonton, AB: Institute of Health Economics Province of Alberta Canada, 2011.
7. Solis-Camara P, Cuevas Y, Romero M. Relacionesentre la crianza y factores protectores o de riesgo, antes y después de una intervención para padres. Summa Psicol UST; 2014; 11(1): 75-87.
8. Scott S, Sylva K, Moira D, Price J, Jacobs B, Crook C, et al. Randomised controlled trial of parent groups for child antisocial behaviour targeting multiple risk factors: the SPOKES project. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010; 51(1): 48-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02127.x.
9. Hummel RM, Gross AM. Socially anxious children: an observational study of parent-child interaction. Child Fam Behav Ther. 2001; 23(3): 19-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v23n03_02.
10. Isaza LV, Henao GL. El desempeño en habilidades sociales en niños, de dos y tres años de edad, y su interacción con los estilos de interacción parental. Rev Electron Investig Psicoeduc Psigopedag. 2010; 8(3): 1696-2095. doi:
https://10.25115/ejrep.v8i22.1453.
11. Park J, Johnston C, Colalillo S, Williamson D. Parents’ attributions for negative and positive child behavior in relation to parenting and child problems. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018; 47(1): S63-S75. doi: https://10.1080/15374416.2016.1144191.
12. Gershoff, E. Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol Bull. 2002;128(4): 539-579.
13. García M, Rivera S, Reyes I. La percepción de los padres sobre la crianza de los hijos. Acta Colomb Psicol. 2014; 17(2): 133-141. doi: https://10.1037//0033-2909.128.4.539. 539.
14. Sanders MR, Pidgeon AM, Gravestock F, Connors, MD, Brown S, Young RW. Does parental attributional retraining and anger management enhance the effects of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program with parents at risk of child maltreatment? Behav Therapy. 2004; 35: 513-535. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80030-3.
15. Thompson A, Hollis C, Richards D. Authoritarian parenting attitudes as a risk for conduct problems: Result from a British national cohort study. Eur Child Adolesc Psych. 2003; 12: 84-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4.
16. Akhter N, Hanif R, Tariq N, Atta M. Parenting styles as predictors of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems among children. PJPR 2011; 26(1): 23-41.
17. Knutson JF, DeGarmo D, Koeppl G, Reid JB. Care neglect, supervisory neglect, and harsh parenting in the development of children’s aggression: A replication and extension. Child Maltreat. 2005; 10(2): 92-107. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559504273684.
18. República de Colombia, Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resolución 429 de 2016. Bogotá, febrero de 2016.
19. Aguirre-Dávila E. Prácticas de crianza, temperamento y comportamiento prosocial de estudiantes de educación básica. Rev. Latinoam. Cienc Soc Niñez Juv. 2015; 13(1): 223-243. doi: https://10.11600/1692715x.13113100314.
20. Varela SP, Chinchilla T, Murad V. Prácticas de crianza en niños y niñas menores de seis años en Colombia. Zona Próxima. 2015; 22: 193-215. doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.015.
21. Sanders MR, Markie-Dadds C, Tully LA, Bor W. The triple P-positive parenting program: a comparison of enhanced, standard, and selfdirected behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. J
Consult Clin Psychol. 2000; 68(4): 624-640. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.624.
22. DANE. Proyecciones de población 2005-2020 con base en censo; 2005.
23. Arnold DS, O´Leary SG, Wolff LS, Acker MM. The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychol Assessment. 1993; 5: 137-144. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.137.
24. Rhoades KA, O´Leary SG. Factor structure and validity of the Parenting Scale. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2007; 36: 137-146. doi: https:// 10.1080/15374410701274157.
25. Sanders MR, Woolley ML. The relationship between global, domain and task-specific self-efficacy and parenting practices: Implications for parent training. Child Care Health Dev. 2005; 31(1): 65-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00487.x.
26. Mejia A, Filus A, Calam R, Morawska A, Sanders M. Validation of the Spanish version of the CAPES: a brief instrument for assessing child psychological difficulties and parental self-effcacy. Int J Behavio Development. 2015; 1-14. doi: https://10.1177/0165025415591229.
27. Goodman R. The extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999; 40(5): 791-799. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00494.
28. Gomez-Bneyto M, Nolasco A, Moncho J, Pereyra-Zamora P, Tamayo-Fonseca N, Munarriz M, et al. Psycometric beaviour of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) in the Spanish national health survey 2006. BMC Psychiatry. 2013; 13: 95. doi: https://10.1186/1471-244X-13-95.
29. Goodman R, Scott S. Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the child behavior checklist: is small beautiful? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1999; 27: 17-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102265822.
30. Smedje H, Broman JE, Hetta J, Von Knorring AL. Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 8(2): 63-70.
31. Triple P Positive Parenting Programa. Client Scoring application ASRA website.
32. Darling N, Steinberg L. Parenting style as context: an integrative model. Psychol Bull. 1993; 113(3): 487-496. doi: https://10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487.
33. Navarrete L, Ossa C. Estilos parentales y calidad de vida familiar en adolescentes con conductas disruptivas. Cienc Psicol. 2013; 7(1): 47-56. doi: https://10.4321/S1132-05592008000300008.
34. Velarde MP, Ramírez MJ. Efecto de las prácticas de crianza en el desempeño cognitivo en niños en edad preescolar. Rev Chil Neuropsicol. 2017; 12(1): 12-18. doi: https://10.5839/rcnp.2017.12.01.04.
35. Izzedin R, Pachajoa A. Pautas, prácticas y creencias acerca de crianza... ayer y hoy. Liberabit. 2009; 15(2): 109-115.
36. Lesniowska R, Gent A, Watson S. Maternal fatigue, parenting selfefficacy, and over reactive discipline during the early childhood years: a test of a mediation model. Clin Psychol. 2016; 20(3): 109-118. doi: https:// 10.1111/cp.12056.
37. Eriksson M, Lindstro B. Salutogenic interpretation of the Ottawa Charter. Health Promot Int. 2004; 23(2): 190-199. doi: https://10.1093/heapro/dan014.
38. Sanders MR, Ralph A, Sofronoff K, Gardiner P, Thompson R, Dwyer S, et al. Every family: a population approach to reducing behavioral and emotional problems in children making the transition to school. J Prim Prev. 2008; 29(3): 197-
222. doi: https:// 10.1007/s10935-008-0139-7.
39. Rivas S. Influencia bidireccional en la adopción de los estilos parentales en la infancia. Int J Develop Educ Psychol. 2008; 1(4): 65-74.
40. Zhou Q, Eisenberg N, Losoya SH, Fabes RA, Reiser M, Guthrie IK, et al. The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathy-related responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Dev. 2002; 73(3): 893-915. doi: https://10.1111/1467-8624.00446.
41. Aguirre E, Montoya LM, Reyes JA. Crianza y castigo físico. En Aguirre, E. Diálogos 4. Discusiones en la psicología contemporánea. Bogotá, D. C. (Colombia): Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Cien. Diálogos 4. Discusiones en la Psicología Contemporánea (2006) 33 p.
42. Jiménez A, Concha M, Zúñiga R. Conflicto trabajo familia, autoeficacia parental y estilos parentales percibidos en padres y madres de la ciudad de Talca, Chile. Acta Colomb Psicol. 2012; 15 (1): 57-65.
43. Baumrind D, Black AE. Socialization practices associated with dimensions of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Dev. 1967; 38(2): 291-327. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1127295.
44. Milevsky A, Schlechter M, Klem L, Kehl R. Constellations of maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescence: congruity and well-being. Marriage Fam Rev. 2008; 44(1): 81-98. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920802185447.
45. Coleman P, Karraker K. Self-Efficacy and parenting quality: findings and future applications. Developm Rev. 1998; 18(1): 47-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0448.
46. Abarashi Z, Tahmassian K, Mazaheri MA, Panaghi L, Mansoori N. Parental self-efficacy as a determining factor in healthy motherchild interaction: a pilot study in Iran. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sciv. 2014; 8(1):19-25. doi: https://10.5812/rijm.13929.
47. Martínez M, Pérez Frías W, Solano D. Impacto de los medios masivos de comunicación en la dinámica familiar. Cult Educ Soc CES. 2011; 2(1): 111-118.
48. Bornstein MH. Cultural approaches to parenting. Parent Sci Pract. 2012; 12(2-3): 212-221. doi: https://10.1080/15295192.2012.683359.
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