Resumen
Introducción: En la literatura, los agricultores presentan mayor mortalidad por algunos tipos de cáncer y causas externas. Sin embargo, los resultados entre estudios no son concluyentes, debido a las diferencias metodológicas, como por las heterogeneidades implícitas en las actividades desarrolladas por los individuos en los diferentes sectores agrícolas y unidades geográficas. Objetivo: Describir las principales causas de muerte de los agricultores en Colombia para el periodo 2010 - 2016, e identificar si la ocupación en sí misma es un factor de riesgo para la mortalidad por dichas causas. Metodología: Se utilizaron los certificados de defunción para establecer la causa de muerte de los individuos, y se estimó por medio de regresión logística odds ratios ajustados por variables socioeconómicas como medida del riesgo ocupacional. Resultados: Los agricultores presentan mayor riesgo de mortalidad por neoplasias (OR; 1.14 IC 95% 1.12-1.71), por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio (OR; 1.030 IC 95% 1.01–1.04), y por signos y síntomas mal definidos (OR; 1.22 IC 95% 1.15 – 1.30). Discusión: Los resultados pueden estar sesgados por los errores habituales de los estudios retrospectivos. Sin embargo, las limitaciones podrían suscribirse a diferencias numéricas del riesgo y no de su significancia, por lo que los hallazgos de este trabajo serían consistentes con la presencia del riesgo más que con su magnitud. Conclusiones: Para establecer con mayor precisión el riesgo ocupacional de los agricultores colombianos, se requieren esfuerzos institucionales y estudios prospectivos como los realizados por la AHS en Estados Unidos.Referencias
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2. Thelin N, Holmberg S, Nettelbladt P, Thelin A. Mortality and morbidity among farmers, nonfarming rural men, and urban referents: a prospective population-based study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2009; 15(1): 21-28. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1179/107735209799449680.
3. Boccolini P de MM, Boccolini CS, Chrisman J de R, Koifman RJ, Meyer A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma among Brazilian agricultural workers: A death certificate case-control study. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017; 72(3): 139-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2016.1179167.
4. Miranda-Filho AL, Monteiro GTR, Meyer A. Brain cancer mortality among farm workers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based case-control study, 1996-2005. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012; 215(5): 496-501. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.007.
5. Sritharan J, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Peters CE, Villeneuve PJ, et al. Occupation and risk of prostate cancer in Canadian men: A case-control study across eight Canadian provinces. Cancer Epidemiol. 2017; 48: 96-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.04.006.
6. Depczynski J, Lower T. A review of prostate cancer incidence and mortality studies of farmers and non-farmers, 2002-2013. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014; 38(6): 654-662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.001.
7. Blair A, Zahm SH. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103(Suppl. 8): 205-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s8205.
8. Zhao G, Ronda E, Cea L, Pulido J, Barrio G, Regidor E. Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019; 92(4): 599-608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1396-2.
9. Alexopoulos EC, Kavalidou K, Messolora F. Suicide mortality across broad occupational groups
in Greece: A descriptive study. Saf Health Work. 2016; 7(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2015.09.004.
10. MacFarlane E, Benke G, Del Monaco A, Sim MR. Causes of death and incidence of cancer in a cohort of Australian pesticide-exposed workers. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20(4): 273-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.annepidem.2010.01.004.
11. Faria NMX, Fassa AG, Meucci RD. Association between pesticide exposure and suicide rates in Brazil. Neurotoxicology. 2014; 45: 355-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.003.
12. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Vol. 5, Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 189-196.
13. Wen CP, Tsai SP. Anatomy of the healthy worker effect - A critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology. Scand J Trabajo Entorno Salud. 1982; 8(Suppl 1): 48-52.
14. Li CY, Sung FC. A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology. Occup Med (Lond). 1999; 49(4): 225-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/49.4.225.
15. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. 2005; 83(4): 731-757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x.
16. Salomon JA, Murray CJL. The epidemiologic transition revisited: compositional models for causes of death by age and sex. Popul Dev Rev. 2002; 28(2): 205-228.
17. Meyer A, Chrisman J, Moreira JC, Koifman S. Cancer mo1rtality among agricultural workers from Serrana Region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environment Res. 2003; 93(3): 264-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351 (03) 00065-3.
18. Levêque-Morlais N, Tual S, Clin B, Adjemian A, Baldi I, Lebailly P. The AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort study: enrollment and causes of death for the 2005-2009 period. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015; 88(1): 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0933-x.
19. Waggoner JK, Kullman GJ, Henneberger PK, Umbach DM, Blair A, Alavanja MCR, et al. Mortality in the Agricultural Health Study, 1993-2007. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 173(1): 71-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq323.
20. Blair A, Sandler DP, Tarone R, Lubin J, Thomas K, Hoppin JA, et al. Mortality among participants in the agricultural health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15(4): 279-285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.008.
21. Stiernström EL, Holmberg S, Thelin A, Svärdsudd K. A prospective study of morbidity and mortality rates among farmers and rural and urban nonfarmers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54(2): 121-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356 (00) 00287-0.
22. Meyer A, Alexandre PCB, de Rezende Chrisman J, Markowitz SB, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case control study based on death certificates. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(2): 151-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijheh.2010.11.002.
23. Liu H, Patel D, Welch AM, Wilson C, Mroz MM, Li L, et al. Association between occupational exposures and sarcoidosis. Chest. 2016; 150(2): 289-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.020.
2. Thelin N, Holmberg S, Nettelbladt P, Thelin A. Mortality and morbidity among farmers, nonfarming rural men, and urban referents: a prospective population-based study. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2009; 15(1): 21-28. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1179/107735209799449680.
3. Boccolini P de MM, Boccolini CS, Chrisman J de R, Koifman RJ, Meyer A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma among Brazilian agricultural workers: A death certificate case-control study. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017; 72(3): 139-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19338244.2016.1179167.
4. Miranda-Filho AL, Monteiro GTR, Meyer A. Brain cancer mortality among farm workers of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A population-based case-control study, 1996-2005. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012; 215(5): 496-501. doi: https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.007.
5. Sritharan J, Demers PA, Harris SA, Cole DC, Peters CE, Villeneuve PJ, et al. Occupation and risk of prostate cancer in Canadian men: A case-control study across eight Canadian provinces. Cancer Epidemiol. 2017; 48: 96-103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2017.04.006.
6. Depczynski J, Lower T. A review of prostate cancer incidence and mortality studies of farmers and non-farmers, 2002-2013. Cancer Epidemiol. 2014; 38(6): 654-662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.001.
7. Blair A, Zahm SH. Agricultural exposures and cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 1995; 103(Suppl. 8): 205-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s8205.
8. Zhao G, Ronda E, Cea L, Pulido J, Barrio G, Regidor E. Mortality by cause of death and risk behaviors in farmers versus non-farmers: the importance of avoiding the healthy worker effect. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019; 92(4): 599-608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1396-2.
9. Alexopoulos EC, Kavalidou K, Messolora F. Suicide mortality across broad occupational groups
in Greece: A descriptive study. Saf Health Work. 2016; 7(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2015.09.004.
10. MacFarlane E, Benke G, Del Monaco A, Sim MR. Causes of death and incidence of cancer in a cohort of Australian pesticide-exposed workers. Ann Epidemiol. 2010; 20(4): 273-280. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.annepidem.2010.01.004.
11. Faria NMX, Fassa AG, Meucci RD. Association between pesticide exposure and suicide rates in Brazil. Neurotoxicology. 2014; 45: 355-362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.003.
12. Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Vol. 5, Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p. 189-196.
13. Wen CP, Tsai SP. Anatomy of the healthy worker effect - A critique of summary statistics employed in occupational epidemiology. Scand J Trabajo Entorno Salud. 1982; 8(Suppl 1): 48-52.
14. Li CY, Sung FC. A review of the healthy worker effect in occupational epidemiology. Occup Med (Lond). 1999; 49(4): 225-229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/49.4.225.
15. Omran AR. The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Q. 2005; 83(4): 731-757. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x.
16. Salomon JA, Murray CJL. The epidemiologic transition revisited: compositional models for causes of death by age and sex. Popul Dev Rev. 2002; 28(2): 205-228.
17. Meyer A, Chrisman J, Moreira JC, Koifman S. Cancer mo1rtality among agricultural workers from Serrana Region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Environment Res. 2003; 93(3): 264-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351 (03) 00065-3.
18. Levêque-Morlais N, Tual S, Clin B, Adjemian A, Baldi I, Lebailly P. The AGRIculture and CANcer (AGRICAN) cohort study: enrollment and causes of death for the 2005-2009 period. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2015; 88(1): 61-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0933-x.
19. Waggoner JK, Kullman GJ, Henneberger PK, Umbach DM, Blair A, Alavanja MCR, et al. Mortality in the Agricultural Health Study, 1993-2007. Am J Epidemiol. 2011; 173(1): 71-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq323.
20. Blair A, Sandler DP, Tarone R, Lubin J, Thomas K, Hoppin JA, et al. Mortality among participants in the agricultural health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15(4): 279-285. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.008.
21. Stiernström EL, Holmberg S, Thelin A, Svärdsudd K. A prospective study of morbidity and mortality rates among farmers and rural and urban nonfarmers. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54(2): 121-126. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0895-4356 (00) 00287-0.
22. Meyer A, Alexandre PCB, de Rezende Chrisman J, Markowitz SB, Koifman RJ, Koifman S. Esophageal cancer among Brazilian agricultural workers: Case control study based on death certificates. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011; 214(2): 151-155. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/.ijheh.2010.11.002.
23. Liu H, Patel D, Welch AM, Wilson C, Mroz MM, Li L, et al. Association between occupational exposures and sarcoidosis. Chest. 2016; 150(2): 289-298. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.01.020.
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